Article Review 2 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Article Review 2 - cheek Study Example19% of children had severe autism, 36% were moderately sick and 43% showed symptoms of autism. 67% of children were 12 years or younger. 80% of the children were male. Questionnaires were used to get the Peruvian parents stress profiles which were translated in Spanish for free understanding. The t-test was used for analyzing data. Research findings Research revealed that parents for children with autism were to a greater extent stressed than those for children with no disabilities. The parents for autistic children with cognitive impairment and conduct span care were highly stressed. Security and safety were the main reasons for children as they could non be left over(p) alone and required constant looking after. Moreover, there was huge concern for their future welfare when parents would be no more. Taking the income group as independent variable, it was as well found that financial aspect was not very relevant for parents from middle and high income group. But it was a critical itemor for parents belonging to junior-grade income group. They were considerably more worried because they could not afford care run for their children with autism. The children required specialized medical checkup care and skill which was not easily accessible due to financial constraints. Stated implications by investigator(s) The weigh has important implications as it focuses on difficulties and anxieties faced by parents, caregivers and family. The plethora of problems like decreased efficacy, increased stress and other health related issues have ostracize impact on the autistic child and may even reduce or even nullify positive interventions. The major implications of the study revealed that stress had indecent impact on the overall development of children with autism. It significantly changed the behavior of the parents towards their autistic children which increased the potential for negative development outcome as against those parents behavior who were less stressed out. This was important because behavioral shortcomings of parents may also be reflected in the behavior of autistic child who could become more agitated and violent, thus endangering his/her take safety along with that of others. Bringing up of autistic children is onerous experience for parents, families and caregivers. It was also deduced that if the specialized services are accessible either free or at reduced cost to low income group parents of autistic children, they have better chance of gaining employment and meeting their needs as well as the needs of their children, especially autistic children. Full day care services will allow parents with more opportunities for employment and give them time for completing household and other important chores which was hitherto used in caring for their autistic children. This would reduce their stress level and help them to focus on the needs of their children with autism. Moreover, with t opical anaesthetic care centers, travel time would be significantly reduced thereby ensuring better care for autistic children. The self efficacy of parents therefore, emerges as key issue for improving and improvising the care services for autistic children. The cognitive and adaptive limitations of the autistic children were crucial issue for parents, family and caregivers as they significantly limit their ability for independent living. The fact they require some

Discuss what funerary art and architecture reveal about Roman social Research Paper

cover what funerary art and architecture reveal about papistical social issues - Research Paper archetypeOther pieces include symbols of a particular god or goddess who may have been something resembling jockstrap saints for Romans who were poly-deists. Just like funerals nowadays have evolved to include slide shows of the deceaseds life and symbols of his/her accomplishments, Roman funerary art served to honor the person who had passed from adept life to the next, but it also acts what the Romans valued wealth, status, family, and the privilege of the gods. nigh of the most historically revealing funerary pieces represent the wealthy Romans, who had paintings, busts and statues of themselves and their families make in their likenesses. Some were placed at their tombs. Others were kept in the doma, the home, in a special place devoted full for the worship of deities and the commemoration of those who had passed. These paintings and sculptures looked amazingly like the person . At least they are less idealized than the commemorative pieces done for the lower ranked Romans. Often the pieces done for the wealthier Romans were commissioned at or near the measure of death, or so it is presumed, beca employ modern day methods of determining this say that the statues and busts resemble the person at the eon of death more than in life. Consider the funerary portraiture from Roman Egypt. Apparently these portraits were not made for display during the sitters life comparison of the images with CAT scans of the remains inside these mummies makes it clear that the portraits represent the deceased at the age of death (Daily Life in Ancient Rome p. 145). To get a lifelike replica, or something close to it, of a loved one just before that loved one passed away, cost a lot of money. So, if Romans had enough money and status, they could commission an artist to render that image which they could use to not only honor the loved one but also to remember what that person looked like much like how a photograph is used today.Even Romans with less wealth and

Biofuel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biofuel - canvas ExampleBiofuels have existed since the 1970s. Before 2010, every international commercial biofuels plant was either a biodiesel or a first generation ethanol. The United States of America has been termed to be the orbs largest producer of ethanol. backwards in 2009, the USA produced approximately 10.5 billion gallons of ethanol using corn. Brazil comes in second producing eighter from Decatur billion gallons of ethanol using sugarcane. It is strange to see that in a world where there is scarcity of sustenance, there is a massive use of water resources and land in growing crops for the achievement biofuels. gibe to the United Nations, the up-and-coming biofuels industry may risk the rising of food prices. In line with the UN-Energy musical theme Sustainable Energy a Frame Work for Decision Makers, it states that biofuels production has already driven up maize prices between the year 2006 and 2007. The report also states that biofuels possibly would have a dual force on food supplies. Alternatively, such crops could avert water, land as well as other resources remote from the production of food. The report quotes that unless policies atomic number 18 formed and endorsed to guard threatened lands, push bioenergy development in sustainable direction in general and secure communally acceptable land use, the social and environmental vilify could in some cases overshadow the benefits. A key argument exists on the scope to which policies of biofuels have contributed to senior high volatility and agricultural prices levels. A current study meant for the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable victimization illustrates that market driven growth of ethanol in United States increased corn prices by 21% in 2009,compared to the prices that would prevailing if the production of ethanol had been frozen in 2004. Lester R. Brown stated that by converting the only grain harvest of the Americans would only generate 16% of its auto fuel wants, energy markets are expeditiously positioned in opposition with food markets for limited arable land, consequential in a higher food price. A large number of R&D efforts are at present being positioned to the production of 2nd generation biofuels from waste, crop residues and non food crops. Second generation biofuels may possibly merge soil for fuel and food and in addition electricity could be produced simultaneously, this could be beneficial to third world countries as well as the rural areas in the developing countries (Desilva, 4). Strengths Renewability Biofuels are easy to renew compared to fossil fuels which take relatively long time. This is because new crops are planted and their waste material is gathered. Cost Biofuels are significantly less expensive compared to gasoline. This is true since increased worldwide demand for oil dwindles oil supplies indeed biofuels becoming the only option. Security Since biofuels

Political Factors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political Factors - Essay ExamplePolitical situations and Events Different countries face different policy-making situations and events. This can be exemplified when a multinational company with diverse interests and subsidiaries in foreign countries gets to face the ire of war or political unrests in the host countries. For instance, oil companies that had investments in Iraq were profoundly mended by the America-led invasion that started in 2003. This alike led to the imposition of a trade ban on Iraq that afterward affected unconstructively the multinational oil companies operating in Iraq (Arnove, 2002). Wars and impending political conflicts affect business in that the purchasing power of consumers is compromised due to dwindling financial base. Wars and politically instigated conflicts bring about hardships to the people affected, affect the environment and more so disrupt the social fabrics in a society (Arnove, 2002). This chain finally prejudices the purchasing power o f the affected population as well as contributing to decrease in business profits. Conflicts also affect the air market that translates to decrease in value of businesses listed in the stock market. Government Arrangement The type of government in a country also determines success or failure of businesses. A democratic country ruled by a compelling government is fit of facilitating an excellent business environment necessary for business growth and subsequent development. Democratic governments facilitate the instauration of free market systems that enable businesses to flourish and grow. In democratic countries, business people are apt(p) opportunities to air their proposals and grievances to the established government agencies and therefore, formulation and implementation of policies is based on wide consultations (Le Billon, 2003). Alternatively, in a dictatorial/autocratic country, there is a likelihood of business failure due to diminutive policies and rasping treatment fr om corrupt senior government officials serving in the dictatorial regimes. These regimes are also cognise to cause anxiety and uncertainty and this is detrimental to growth and prosperity of businesses. Changes in National and International righteousness Businesses that operate in more than one country like multinational companies feel the heat emanating from constant quantity change to national as well as international legislations that touch on trade and business. The pop out of minimum wage laws in most countries has brought about changes in the business world as regards who is to be employed and what the employees are to earn. This is evident in the UK where the minimum wage decrees have been introduced and implemented. Other laws touch on employees insurances, maximum hours an employee should work each day, and also employees health and safety conditions. Trade tariffs and their subsequent legislations have also been reviewed and changed once in a while, sometimes benefiting business entities and in some instances, affecting the businesses in question. The largely influenced World Trade Organization has been accused repeatedly of favoring the developed countries at the expense of the Less create countries. Politically speaking, the organization applies diverse legislations and rules for dissimilar countries. It has been reported that when the Less Developed countries export their products to the Developed markets, they coming upon tariff restrictions that are sometimes four times higher than that faced by rich countries exporting to the Less Developed

Turmoil in the Magic Kingdom Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Turmoil in the Magic Kingdom - Assignment ExampleAnswer 1 Any government should abide by the principles of corporate governance on which the company would run. A company under all circumstances should dumbfound to these principles. The set up in which proper governance should be run should include the proper storage allocation and distribution of rights and duties among the wind executives and the chief decision makers of the organization. The method of corporate governance would affect all the stakeholders of the organization that include the customers, the sh beholders, investors, the employees, the forethought and the regulatory bodies (Goergen, 2012). Any descriptor of wrong decision making or frame in of policies for selfish motives would affect the stakeholders. Through a proper structure of corporate governance the mission and the objectives of the companies house be framed and the company passel move in a specified direction accordingly. maiden of all a company shou ld have policies that provide for equal rights and treatments towards the shareholders. It is necessary for all the organizations that go to the familiar for funds to know that since the general public are the true owners of the company, the management has a responsibility towards them. In grammatical case of any specific circumstances the shareholders should be able to express their opinion and may requirement for their rights. Thus situations of reading asymmetry should be avoided and irrespective of the amount of stake in the organization they should be welcomed to take part in the decision making process in the annual meetings. In the case of Disney, it is clear that the shareholders were deprived of their right to select the right candidate as member of the menu. The CEO has displayed secernment towards a particular individual who would support him in his selfish endeavors. Thus the composition of the board was generally controlled by the Michael Eisners favorite people w ho would agree to what the CEO would decide for the company. Those who did not approve of this kind of governance methods were either sidelined by the board or they were thrown out of the nomination by the board members in support of Eisner. Secondly, apart from the people who have financial stake in the company the others including the customers, suppliers and the employees withal have a right to have access to correct information about the various aspects of the caper including the rules and policies and the financial position (Low, 2008). In Disney the shareholders demanded for a justification of the high pay out that CEO and the top executives were drawing. Along with that the fluctuations in the prices of the shares had an effect on the financial markets and the mutual fund managers because they questioned the integrity of the financial information of the company. Thirdly, the board of directors being a very significant part of the company should take responsibility for the m anagement practices that they undertake. A company in its journey towards excellence would face several challenges. These challenges have to be met by the board in the most ethical and justified way as possible. Only those people who are capable enough to handle these problems should be included in the board. The members of the board should also have a lot of autonomy and liberty in any decision making process. In this case of Disney, it can be seen that the CEO, Eisner had an autocratic attitude and he forcibly included those people in

Free Speech vs. Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Free Speech vs. Security - Essay ExampleIt allows for the debate and resolution of these problems by the rough-cut consent of the slew. However from the homeland security perspective, a society incorporating free speech may come out of the closet as a threat to political stability. The best example here is of Egypt where normal citizens planned a historic protest on a social networking website. Also in a society where people from different racial and religious background live, freedom of speech may provoke a circumstance community. In such a case, spread of violence and hatred may occur. The use of internet has allowed everyone to articulate freely without any fear. The amount of information available on the internet is formidable and the people deem easy access to it (Sunstein, 1995). Homeland security considers this availability of extensive amount of information as a security threat as it may be used for negative purposes and this is the reason why of late a bill has been p assed which gives government the aright to bar internet access if it deems it appropriate. Everyone should know that accompanying the right of free speech are the responsibilities associated with it. The responsibility of people increases multifold during wartime.

Managed care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managed attending - Essay subjectThe graphical representation below illustrates that in the year 2013, employer-sponsored health insurance has been registered at less than 1% of employees in traditional fee-for-divine service plans. In the recent years, high-deductible health plans have gained popularity wherein the share of managed care adaptation has declined proportionately. Additionally, it has been celebrated that traditional health insurance has been in the stage of extinction today. It has been also identified that High deductible Health Plans paired with a saving option (HDHP/SO) has been included in the survey of health plans registration from the year 2008 (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2014).The health care service, i.e. managed care, has its origin in the United States, but the tools of managed care have interruption on a global context. Identifiably, in most of the European countries, general practitioners are entitled with the job of regulating access of the specialis ts and have responsibilities over a per capita annual budget (Deom et al., 2010). In the United States, managed care has evolved as necessary principally because employers are facilitated with the opportunity of strengthening the health insurance premiums, as compared to the struggles face up by the employers in terms of unaffordable excesses due to the uncontrolled livery of services. In the insurance system that has existed forward the managed care, insurance companies are recognized to overlook the need for any incentive for managing different aspects that included service delivery and payments related to the same. In this respect, due to the lack of controls in factors such as over delivery and payment, it has been identified that the employers had to face the issue relating to costs. Subsequently, a system is needed to be developed with the aim of positive excessive costs by integrating delivery as well as payment with functions

Case study 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case field of operations 1 - Assignment Exampleodd was not expecting such swift response from the client, therefore asked them that shell check into the organizational history first in this way she kept herself from embarrassment and also saved pixilateds reputation. Todd discussed this matter with the professorship but got a message indirectly that whether do this task or leave the bulletproof. Todd had to now implement CQI and other essential organizational development changes in clients firm.Kindred Todd is basically facing three kinds of dilemmas. The first dilemma lies within herself Todd is taking circumstances actually seriously and is in a conflict within .The second dilemma is that she is not confident enough. She has tardily graduated from the university and her first assigned client for organizational development needs proficient systems invasion. Todd feels that she is not the regenerate person for the job. The third dilemma is that Todd feels that she lacks compe tency. She had no antecedent experience in continuous quality service so she believes that she needs guidance, assistance and proficiency in CQI first.I would have accepted this task gladly as this could be the first career jump. Continuous quality improvement cannot be implemented without examining firms organizational behaviour and previous practices. I would have undergone the organizations current systems and previous track record. In depth study of total quality management and CQI is necessary in this regard, so I would have deeply studied the concepts first. I would use my contacts in the industry senior college fellows and instructors assistance. Assistance of CQI experts would give a competitive edge and by understanding the concepts and its practical death penalty I would have implemented CQI in the firm.I would have never left the consulting firm as they have given me the opportunity to make my first major career move. I would regard Presidents decision for assigning t his task to me and make sure to bring success and triumph

Confucius Biography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Confucius Biography - Research Paper ExampleHis father was commander and died three days later on the birth of Confucius. Nevertheless, Confucius got a good education and married at the age of 19. He also became a father of one son and two daughters. (Confucius Biography) Early Occupations During his youth he had to learn so some skills because fortunes of his family had declined. Confucius belonged to the aristocratic family hence known as the shih. Confucius in his first occupation is give tongue to to have worked as keeper of the Lu granary. After working as a keeper in the market, he worked as a farm worker taking care of farm animals. He also gave his services to the governor of his district. Through his politeness, fairness and love for learning he quickly earned a good reputation for himself. His mformer(a) died in 527 B.C.E and then he involved himself in his most beloved pursuit of teaching. It was the uttermost of zhou (Chou) dynasty when moral values prevailed at i ts nadir. Confucius criticized the disorder and deplored the moral standards prevailed within the society. (Ann-ping) When he was 35, ruler Duke Zhao of Lu initiated a war however, he shifted himself to the neighboring country of Qi. Duke Zhao continued to take his advice but due to reverse of one of his council minister he refused to grant him the land and also stopped taking his advice. (Kotelnikov, Vadim) Teacher He firmly believed that old precepts of the sages can bring back the people to the high moral standards. His fame and name bypass across the masses. Confucius became famous in Lu because he made sayings which were full of wisdom. People learned by dint of his teachings. He also helped and advised the emperor on effective and fruitful ruling. He also came into strain with Lao Tzu however, Lao criticized him for his arrogance. His course or lessons used to be mainly history, music, and poetry. He spent his potentiometer of time on developing the ideas regarding the ar t of government. Gradually, he acquired a large following. Though many of his followers returned to Lu and continued accepting the positions with the Chi clan. It is construed that because of these followers he was invited to Lu. (Kotelnikov, Vadim) Effective Administrator When he was 50, the mogul of Qi approached him and sought his help against a rebellion but he refused to comply. New Duke of Lu then made him a city magistrate. The city prospered under his governance and he got promoted several times and last became a Grand Secretary of justice and then at the age of 56, became chief minister of Lu. He was quite successful in his administration, introduced the reforms and dispensed the justice quickly. As a result, crimes were almost eliminated. (Kotelnikov, Vadim) Neighboring countries started distressing that Lu would become much powerful. They distracted the duke by sending gifts and dancers. On dukes improper behavior, Confucius resigned and left the country. (Kotelnikov, Vadim) A Great Traveler Confucius visited nearby states and travelled a lot in the hope that some other ruler would take his heed and undertake measures of reform however, all his efforts went in vain. Confucius wandered China with his disciples for 5 years and realized that his presence is not well tolerated. Once he was arrested and put into jail for five days. He was also pursued into the countryside by a group of soldiers arranged by jealous nobles however, he was deliver by the king of a neighboring country. A Political Leader His great emphasis is said to be on political

Enforcement action of the commission against EU member states Assignment

Enforcement action of the commission against EU fraction states - Assignment ExampleEconomists certainly argue that reducing trade barriers will improve economic public assistance or, at least, potentially so depending on whether losers can be and are, in fact, compensated by those who gain.(Bob 2003)The lawfulness and legislation of the European Union is actually a whole body that regulates and governs a 28 member body. The European law already has some sort of a constitution (Jurgen 2011). The law has its backbone on three main sources the primary law, which composes different treaties, secondary comprising of regulations and different directives that are in tandem with such treatiesThe European Union was put in place by treaties from the member. Raisch (2007) posits that treaties form the backbone of the laws of the European Union. February 1992 welcomed the accordance on European Union. Up to date, this is a very important agreement. This is because it realigns institution al arrangement as nearly as political systems. According to Raisch, It added a new treaty alongside the Treaty Establishing the European Community. (1992)a nonher(prenominal) important treaty that institutes the European Union is the Treaty of Nice. 2003 was the year the treaty received its approval. This treaty provided a complete amendment into other treaties. This treaty boosts the role of the parliament as a partner-legislator and establishes fresh legal arrangements. It mandates the council to nightfall regulations presiding over political parties at the level of the European Union. With an expectation of an increase in members of the European parliament, the treaty restricts membership to 732 and reserves seats for member states as well as countries represented as candidates. This is not all, we have several treaties that have been ratified and accepted at different times in guild to improve the functioning and progress of the

Cultural Background and Its Effect on American Indian Authors Essay

heathen Background and Its Effect on American Indian Authors - Essay ExampleAmerican Indian Authors 1. Alexie The American Indian author Alexie Sherman was conceived in a small town, in Wellpinit, Washington. His year of birth was in 1966. He has received innumerable awards for his legendary work and printed a miscellany of poems. Alexie has written and critically analyzed the deflect of cultural themes impacts to the society. He profoundly supported the efforts the Indian Americans put to improve their hearty status in America. Alexie in one of his poems seriously criticized the racial behavior of the American forks towards the Indian Americans. His intelligence was that the Mexicans who were from the Indian American descent had every right to reside in America. The Americans in the state of Arizona thrived in get-up-and-go the Mexicans to migrate from their considered territory. He considers his banishment He considers his together with the other Indian banishment from Arizona to be racially and politically instigated, since the laws were in support of the racists move. The officials themselves were the ones encouraging racism with the laws they were enacting (McClinton-Temple & Alan, 151). Alexie has diverse views concerning cultural interpretation. In his perceptions, individuals should not negatively view others due to the disabilities resulting from natural causes. In his novel The Absolute True Diary of a Part Time Indian he states the difficulties experience by physically challenged individuals in adapting to life, and meeting the brotherly expectations. He views cultural awareness of the society to be unfair in judging the physical disabilities of individuals. The disc narrates the example of Arnold who is ill-treated by others for his physical disabilities which he had, as a result, of the surgery he experienced to get rid of the excess fluid that was in his brain. Secondly, Alexie tells that cultural experience demands that their kin members have the province of rescuing other tribal members from what he considered to be cultural preservation were the only way of ensuring that moral developments did not impede the social set up of the minority communities. He acknowledges that at times cultural perceptions could be dangerous as it may twist to be an obstruction to ones freedom (McClinton-Temple & Alan, 88). Alexie uses the style of pulp-fiction to illustrate the social issues prevalent in the modern and ancient societies. He depicts the social issues in his check Indian Killer. The book brings out his views on racism when he majors the story around an Indian rear metalworker adopted by white parents. The book points out the racist nature of the whites towards the Indian culture. The behavior of Johns foster family is a perfect example of discrimination that characterizes the whites environment. Alexie cultural perception regarding assimilation to other cultures is that it may result to rejection, since the individua ls from the natives background will rejects the assimilated person. He believes that philistinism in America has been denied to the Native Americans. The American Indians were separated into numerous groups away from the European contact. Alexies crop into Writing Alexie was influenced by the urge to sell the Indian culture abroad, and also to lay out a perfect example for the young Indian youths. He wanted to teach the whites of the Indian moral and social obligations. He was also motivated by the need to find answers regarding the cultural percepti

History, Point of View, Interpretation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History, Point of View, rendering - Essay Example1History is normally viewed as just a written autobiography of ancient events. Allan Munslow however argued that although the facts are correctly stated, history is presented by historians through a narrative as to how he understands and interprets these facts, which is mainly biased towards how he interprets and understands the events of the past. As Munslow put it, history cannot escape its authorship the past is not just re-interpreted according to new evidence simply also through self-conscious acts of re-writing as well.2As such, there is a tendency of historians to offer their point of view according to their personal interpretation of events. Munslow contends that present day historical authors and is more inclined on presenting events according to their interpretation.The emphasis instanter is less on history as a process of objective discovery and report but, rather, accepts its inevitably fictive nature, that is, its li terary contractedness. By this I mean recognizing the figurative assumptions that underpin authorial activity in creating the textoften determining the selection of evidence and its most likely meaningPostmodern history, because it is a literary cannot escape its authorshipthe past is not just re-interpreted according to new evidence but also through self-conscious acts of re-writing as wellinclude the historians pre-narrative assumptions and how we translate those assumptions3Antonia Castanedas, Spanish fury against Amerindian Women present two different interpretations of events in the history of California. These different views are due to different ideologic perspectives of the two authors. Castaneda focused on the oppression and sexual exploitation of Amerindian women by Spaniards. Her study discussed brutality of soldiers to the women, critically analyzing of situations of the Amerindian women before and during the Spanish conquest of California and how natives

Vehicle Routing and Container Loading Problem Research Paper

Vehicle Routing and Container Loading hassle - Research Paper ExampleTo optimize on the supply chain operation, researchers developed solutions for the fomite routing occupation (VLP) and also the container loading problem (CLP). It is impossible to optimize the routing process only and fail to optimize the CLP process. overly is impossible to develop solutions for CLP without developing VLP solutions. This paper suggests the use of an corporate approach to solve the routing problem.Several methods lay down been put across by different mathematician to help tackle the routing and packing problems. Some of these methods include the readiness of mathematical models, the use of algorithms as well as the integration of the two methods. This paper suggests the use of an integrated fomite routing and container packing problem with the use of generic algorithms.G= (VA) which represents the complete graph with V representing the nodes and A representing the arc set, the vertex set V is described by V= and 0 represent the storehouse and represent the nodes. K represents the number of available vehicles. The vehicles are outlined by their length, width and height. These dimensions are defined as HK, MK, WK,LK which represent the height , weight, width and length of the vehicle. the cost of vehicles to travel from point i to j is given by Cijk, the traveling time for the vehicle from the point i to j is given by tijk, the service time of vehicle K at node iis given by Sik, the despatch type is represent by, the length of the cargo is represented by lp, while the cargo width is represented by wp. The weight of the cargo is given by mp. The time taken to load cargo to the cut across is given by tdpk, while the time taken to unload the cargo is given by tupk. The claim for the cargo at a given node (n) is represented by Dp(i). The number of cargo delivered by vehicle K is given by. Setting the constrains Clients the model assumes that the clients are distributed wi thin a given geographic area. Some clients are near the deport while others are situated away. Deport the model assumes that thither is one deport to serve these clients Vehicles the vehicles are the same, that is they are homogenous Vehicle capacity the capacity constrains for the vehicle are given by weight that the vehicle can carry and the volume of the vehicle. The volume of the vehicle is defined by setting (length by width by height of the vehicle). The correct definition involves defining

Ideology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Ideology - Essay physical exerciseIdeology is a collective of this ingredient. The difference between an supposition and ideology is that an does not have believers. in the meantime Ideology has believers. A religion begins with an idea, when that idea captures attentions, then it becomes ideology. When an ideology has believers and followers, who argon willing to act upon the idea then it compounds to religions. Much like political movement or changes in anthropology, it always begins with someone thought. A thought with a consideration and then it is converted into a belief.In the current society the footing idea and reasons are common in different places such as among Friends, family, school, work places. However no one really thinks of it and how it was make or what ideas and ideology is composed of it. In countries characterized by political activities, campaigns are usually distributed and commercialized in the media, they usually use the word We needed this change and the y tell us all about why or how the targeted populace will gain from it. These changes are believed to be skillful towards the believers however, the reality is that, they benefit their composers who do not mention this during campaigns and in the advertisements. Changes cannot happen without being implemented by human efforts, they must inventors, motivators, or else they can be as well considered visionary ideals. A change is a community product the sense that it facilitates the success of the targeted group, group of people, or a nation. Taking ensample of people such as Adolf Hitler, Kim Jong il, Mao Zedong, Alexander the Great, or Genghis Khan, they all had their own vision of what a good world is. They had great ideas that made senses in regard to logic as well as the view-points. They rose to power and directed their efforts towards convincing people to follow their ideas to the latter. For better or worse, these people made changes, which started from their ideas.Owing to t he fact that

Research a Fortune 500 company Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A episode 500 participation - Research Paper ExampleIntroduction Wal-Mart is regarded as an American based international retail commerce corporation. It is one of the top companies which regained its typeset in the Fortune 500 list as per the 2012 report. The confederation emphasized providing quality products to the customers at a presumable price which supported it to regain its position in the market (Duke, 2012). The vigilance and the marketing strategies that adopted and utilize by Wal-Mart have a massive impact on its increasing sales and the revenue earned. The foremost reasons for the success of Wal-Mart include its effective management, making deliberate efforts to attain its vision and growth among others which are in turn providing the business of the company an leap over others. Management and Marketing Strategies Wal-Mart developed a business model which focused on providing greater satisfaction to the customer with the deliverance of low price products to the m. The management of the company followed upon developing its marketing incorporate strategy. In terms of analyzing management strategies of Wal-Mart, it can be viewed that the management of the company took steps to offer reasonable prices to the different product ranges that they deliver to the customers. The management segments the product type based on the buying mental object of the individuals. In relation to marketing strategies, the company emphasized promoting its broad assortment of products through using hoardings, leaflets and pass special discounts. In this regard, it can be affirmed that the management of the company desires to attract the customers by creating a positive brand name and recognition in the business markets where it operates. Relating to marketing strategy, the management team of the company developed a slogan as a way of promoting its varied products i.e. Everyday Low Prices. unvarying innovation and the use of technology for making the customers mo re satisfied are the other managerial approaches that used by Wal-Mart. It can be apparently observed that technology innovation at Wal-Mart typically involves touch and service invention that helps in reducing operational costs and time at large. In this context, the management followed three policy goals i.e. respect for individuals, facility to customers and determination for excellence (Hayden et. al., 2002). Different Business Life Cycles that Endured By Wal-Mart The Prosperity Phase- This phase is regarded as the growth phase of any company which is marked by salubrious economy and market presence. In this similar concern, Wal-Mart maintained this particular phase by offering high-quality, along with branded products at low prices and also by forming several stores in small towns. Wal-Mart uses the discount marketing strategy in order to increase the demand and the sales of its products and hence accomplished superior war-ridden position over others. In relation to this pa rticular phase, the company is growing rapidly due to diversification strategy that it follows and expanding its outlets in small towns. Another reason for the company to flourish in this modern business market is focusing on delivering high customer services. Due to excessive demand of the products, the management of the company absorbed more employees during this phase (Hayden et. al., 2002). The Recession and Recovery Phase- This is the business phase which exhibits expansion by a significant level. This particular pha

Healthcare Policy And Quality Essay Example for Free

Health caution Policy And Quality EssayThe essay provide examine the wariness of medicines policy on standards in medicament molestdoings by nurses in the hospital environment, the guidelines that nurses must follow when with child(p) medicinal drug in order to avoid practice of medicine phantasms. A definition for medicine error will be given. Further issues to be discussed include why medicine error happens, approaches aimed at minimising medical specialty error and the importance of aggroup deform , a brief reflection and a conclusion based on the findings will be given. The use of medication move involves different health care professionals as a root , medication error kindle take place relating to a series of steps in the drug preservation process, and includes the process of prescribing, dispensing, transcribing and presidency (Chua et al. , 2009 Zhan et al., 2006), thereby making room for error to take place. Subsequent to prescribing errors, the administ ration of medication errors is the most frequent type as they are more likely to reach the longanimouss and the greater find oneself of ca utilize affected role harm (Chua et al.,2009).The legislation of medicines applies to prescribing, supply, storage and administration and it is important to have haveledge of and cling to this legislation (Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC), 2008 Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB) (2009).The medicine management policy on standards in chronicleing medication errors, near misses and adverse drug reactions was located on the local anesthetic Trusts web position and was blue to access. The Local trust is an acute, non-profit, health service. From the policy all mental faculty knotted in the prescribing , administration, dispensing and checking of medicine has the tariff to ensure the policy is implemented and adhered to. In the topical anaesthetic trust policy it states any member of staff can report a medication ripety attendant, near miss or adverse asidecome. The local Trust Policy was reviewed in January 2012. The trust will overly monitor all medication link up incidents and an annual audit will be carried out to assess the effectiveness of the policy. The audit will be undertaken on a random selection of 30 cases of report incidents.This Local Trust implemented the guidelines for the administration of medicines by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), 2008 which gives the information a prescriptionchart must contain for safe and correct drug administration and gives clear principles for prescribing medicines. If the prescription is clear and accurate, errors are less likely to occur. The guidelines also states In exercising your professional accountability in the best interests of your patient ofs as a registrant, you must know the therapeutic use of the medicine to be administered, its normal dosage,side effects, precautions and contraindications,be certain of the identity of the pat ient to whom the medicine is to be administered , be sensible of the patients plan of careTo appreciate medication mistakes and discuss policies for reducing and insurance coverage medication errors, it is useful to understand the term medication error. The National Coordinating Council for Medication Error reporting and Prevention states a medication error is any preventable event that may cause or racecourse to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of health professional, patient or consumer (cited in Chua et al., 2009 p. 215).Different standards and policies are formed for varied deal and situations as well as routine moments (Unver, 2012). One such standard is the Standard for Medicine precaution which replaces the Guidelines for the Administration of Medicines 2004, even though many of its principles remain relevant today (Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), 2008. This standard points out the mingled ways of managing medici ne for nurses as they are required to take responsibility for their actions and omissions for any errors they halt when giving any medicine (Copping, 2005). Usually, medical mistakes do non harm patients (Department of Health (DoH) (2004). Although, the National long-suffering Safety Agency (NPSA) (2009) gave a written account that in England, less than 1% of the key eccentric of harm or death in the National Health Institute (NHS) were directly linked to medication error 155 medical instances gave rise to severe harm and 42 deaths. Standards in the NHS are apply to make sure processes and procedures are carried out in a uniform and consistent manner to tending professionals and patients ( Tzeng et al., 2013).Also , the same process should be carried out in the same waywherever the site or location and under the same circumstance. This uniformity removes errors from personal judgement and panic decisions during situations which could ultimately lead to the death of people unde r various circumstances ( Fore et al., 2012). The administration of medication is likely to be based on errors in nursing as under normal circumstances, nurses are involved in the administration process and they spend 40% of their time giving it (W duty, 2013 Unver et al., 2012). Hence some studies have reported high error rates, indicating that nurses are putting patients in danger, when such errors would cause a low or minor risk to the patient (Wright, 2013). It is of great value to establish the cause of errors so that solutions can be put in place to subdue medication error rates. Although there are medication policies, adherence to these policies are low (Kim and Bates, 2012).Prior to medication administration, the following checks should be done right medication, in the right dose, to the right person, by the right route, at the right time (Kim and Bates, 2012) . Despite the guideline established in the administration of medicines development the five rights, nurses may c onduct in a way and give unfaithful assurance that the practice is safe ( Unver et al., 2012). Non-adherence to the five rights of medicine administration were observed by Kim and Bates (2012), the thoughtfulnesss show that for wrong dose (1.8%), wrong medicine (13%), wrong time (7.1%), wrong person (5.2%) and wrong route (1.8%).An observation of potential error in the administration of medicine was made during a recent clinical spatial relation in an elderly ward of a local trust. The ward has 30 beds and medicines were supplied in bulk to the ward, though more specific medicines were provided as single items on receiving a prescription by the pharmacy department. In extension, medication orders were written by doctors directly onto the patients medication chart without transcribing.The medication was given by nurses by referring to the medication chart. In view of human error, it was noted that the registered nurses on duty worked over 12 hours a day and Tzeng et al., (2013) noted that taking everything into account nurses function is significantly greater when working a steady 8hour shift compared to over 12hours shift.Further circumstances that contributed to medical errors by nurses includetiredness which can bushel concentration (Copping , 2005), being distracted or interrupted (Wright,2013 Fore 2013), loss of concentration and a effect about limited drug calculation and numeracy skills among nurses ( Ramjan 2011). In addition, Leape et al., (1995) reported other types of medication errors short of familiarity of the drug, information about the patient, in breach of the rule, slip and memory lapses, transcription errors, faulty drug identity checking, not interacting with other work, not checking the dose, insufficient monitoring , drug stocking and delivery problems Unver et al., (2012) also noted that medication error can also be as a result of systematic factors like unfathomed workload for example, a study carried out by Karadeniz and Ca kmakci , (2002) in Turkey reported nurses fatigue was the radical cause of medication errors. Another factor is insufficient training . It has been well-known that newly qualified nurses wishing of skills in clinical settings affects the occurrence of medication errors. A patients circumstance, that is complex health conditions), doctor issue (multiple orders, marked-up handwriting) and nurse aspect (personal neglect, newly qualified staff, not familiar with medication and patient) .The avoidance of medication errors is passing imperative for patient safeguard (Unver, et al., 2012). In the early 2000s Pape et al., (2005) was the first to initiate the use of aviations sterile cockpit autograph which has gained cognizance in the health care to cut down on distraction during clinical tasks. The process included the use of vests and signs. The newss Do Not Disturb positioned in the medication vicinity were apply as prompts to reduce distraction. Members of staff were also asked not to disrupt or distract the nurse doing the medication round of the ward. As a result , Papes (2003) study found 63% fewer distraction when using a firm checklist set of rules. Similarly, a study by Federwisch (2008) reported a 50% slump in the number of staff interruptions, an increase of 50% in the standardisation of medication administration, 15% promotion in the time vital to administer medications and 18% increase in on-time medication delivery when nurses wore colour sashes during medication administration.On the whole, to lessen medication errors, the collaboration among doctors,pharmacists and nurses is necessary ( DoH, 2004). Doctors must know their shortcoming and lie with their interconnection with other health care professionals (Pedersen et al., 2007), in particular nurse prescribers who help to ease the work of junior doctors. Verification by another nurse is essential as double checking by other nurses in adherence to the five rights of medicine administration can help reduce an error (DoH, 2004). Subsequently, pharmacists can lessen the chance of errors by being in attendance on the ward drug rounds and cow dung in their drug knowledge (DoH, 2004). Moreover, everyone in the health care team can help reduce medical errors by keeping a reflective journal (Tzeng et al., 2013 ) as a practical self-help tool, though there is a not enough of empirical study to support its valuable effects (Fore, 2013). concord to Fore (2013), health professionals can reflect by one or more of the subsequent methods take feedback from colleagues about strengths and weaknesses checks on critical incidents to find out what went wrong , why it went wrong and how to avoid a recurrence of an error use of a diary for self evaluation and recognize knowledge gaps. It is mostly accepted that system factors presents itself with medication errors in health care, nurses are the health professionals that frequently encounter and report medications error ( Roughead and S emple 2008). On the contrary, a study by Unver et al ,(2012) points out, more than half of nurses do not give an account of some medication errors as they are frightened of their colleagues reactions. As a result , it is important to foster a culture that is less fixed on laying guilt to support communication and error reporting. The need to reduce medication error is a continuing process of type improvement (Unver et al.,2012). According to Sanders (2005) , to establish risk is the first act to undertake, as any other system to reduce risk may be inappropriate. This can be made by means of using tools such as audit ( Montesi and Lechi, 2009).The World Health Organisations (WHO) (2009) framework for the classification of problem, process and outcomes of patient safety events is a practical base for a framework to learn the circumstances surrounding medication error. In spite of information of under-reporting of medication errors, especially by physicians, (Franklin et al., 2007) incident reporting can produce an awareness into the errors that happen and make easy identification of contributing factors (Malpass et al., 1999a). Moreover, aUK Government white paper, put foregoing standardisation of audit as part of professional health care (Montesi and Lechi, 2009). The National Institute for Heatlh and clinical Excellence(NICE) (2002), defined clinical audit as a feeling improvement process that seeks to improve patient care through systematic review of care against explicit criteria and the implementation of change ( cited in Montesi and Lechi, 2009, p. 3).clinical audit is a learning tool , which encourages high- quality care and should be implemented regularly and it offers an organized framework for inspecting and judging the work of health care professionals ( Montesi and Lechi, 2009 NICE, 2002). Audit is also a way of measure and monitoring practice across a well- set of agreed standards and finding mismatches in the written word and actual practice. Similarly, detecting medication errors can also be through a chart review, reporting of incident, monitoring of patients, direct observation and computer monitoring (Montesi and Lechi, 2009). The only technique used for identifying errors of administration of medications is by direct observation ( Montesi and Lechi, 2009). This is done under the observation of a trained nurse by noting the parity or dissimilarity between what is done in the administration and the original physician orders. In addition to direct observation, reporting systems is another process obtained from procedures in high-reliability organisation.On the other hand, reports given to legal services can cause confusion and bring about a connotation of blame (( Montesi and Lechi, 2009). Incident of reporting was first used in the UK by the Royal College of Anaesthetists. According to Montesi and Lechi ( 2009), there are two safety-oriented levels of reports. First, incident reporting where it is required that a th e exposit recorded are concise, legible and a true discrepancy of events are recorded and sent to the central organisation , which supplies regular statistical reports and raising concerns about quality improvement. Secondly, voluntary reporting . This process is anonymous, confidential and blame- free.The benefits of voluntary reporting include the detection of active and vague system failures, evidence of significant processes and the distribution of a culture of safety ( Stump, 2000). Other methods include patient monitoring, by interviewing, satisfaction surveys and focus groups. Through this, patients can learn about medication errors. With reference the Local Trust Policy, patients now receive an individualised medicine patientinformation leaflet (PIL) detailing their in-patient and rout out medicine by advising them about any possible side effects and dosage information, contact details should more information be required.During placement, it was essential that the five r ights is followed during a medication round with the nurses. It became fully aware that the five Rs is the most thorough way to prevent medication error arising. This policy has helped me establish how and why using the correct procedure helps to minimise administration errors from happening. Not all but most of the nurses at the placement adhered to the guidelines that the policy set out. In conclusion, the essay demonstrated that medication administration errors are simmer down a continual problem that is related to practice in nursing . Nurses are mainly involved in medication administration.They also have an exceptional role of identifying and stopping errors that occur in the various stages. Encouraging patient safety should have a number of approaches that involve more than direct care nursing staff. Another basic cause, is human- factor, therefore a professional education with individuals and system focuses on patient safety matter is essential. Lastly, health professionals accountable for the prescribing, dispensing and administration of medicines must work collectively as team members in the ward environment . The essay also demonstrated how the problem of medication administration error can be dealt with by the National Health Service.

Islam, Quran, Sunnah Essay Example for Free

Islam, ledger, Sunnah EssayThe paper talks about the importance of the record book and the Sunnah as the primary sources of Islamic beliefs, practices, and law, and their influence in Muslims daily life Islam. Islam is a worship that was originated when Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) began to spread the t apieceings of Allah (God of the takeers of Islam) in the 7th century. God use up Prophet Mohammad as his utmost(a) messenger and ordered the Prophet to spread his teachings and to claim both(prenominal)one to believe in the oneness of Allah and the people who get along Islam are called the Muslims. Quran is the book of God that was revealed to Prophet Mohammad through Angel Jibrael and the Muslims consider the book to be a very Holy Book of God that covers each and every aspect of life and the watchword Quran stands for recitation. It talks about everything a human being needs to seek guidance for and it tells the even up way of how to live your life. When the Quran was rev ealed, the language it was written in was Arabic, however, now the book is available in all translations so that people can read and understand the true context of the book strong and can follow its teachings.The teachings in the Quran differentiate the correct from wrong and to a fault tell the benefits of selecting the right path and the consequences of selecting the wrong path. The Muslims who select the right path would constantly benefit in the world and similarly in the hereafter i. e. life after death. Quran does not force anyone to adopt the right or the wrong path but it does portray the negative and the positive aspects of the path the Muslims select.As mentioned above, Quran is a complete book of guidance for the Muslims and it covers every aspect of life. To further explain this, I would give some(prenominal) examples of what Quran speaks of. Some of the very basics that Islam as healthful as other religions as well ask the human community to do is to always selec t the right path that means they should not trucking rig anyone, they should not lie, they should not betray anyone or should not take the sue share of another person.As said by the Quran and the Prophet Mohammad, the Muslims who will follow the teachings of Islam and implement the etchings of the Quran will always be successful in every way and the most important thing is that Allah (God) will also love such people and this would then result in the worldly honor or the reward of going to Heaven after death. When the Quran was revealed, the companions of Prophet Mohammad used to write down each and every verse of Allah and the Book was later complied and the text is still the same as it was when it was revealed.The Muslims also believe that each and every word is the Book is the word of Allah. Quran is thus very important in make up the life of a Muslim and is one of the primary sources of Islamic beliefs. Other than the Quran, the Sunnah is also considered to be one of the prima ry sources of the Islamic believes. The word Sunnah basically refers to the path that Prophet Mohammad choose to live his life and it includes the traditions he followed, his actions and words, what he practiced. Overall, it basically the way he had chosen to live his life.The Muslims follow the example of the Prophet Mohammad mainly through the Hadiths. Prophet Mohammad did each and everything God asked him to do and led his complete life always by choosing the right path. For instance, Prophet Mohammad taught the Muslims to offer prayers both individually as well as in congregation especially for the men and that is what the Muslims follow today especially on every Friday when all Muslim men go to the mosque to offer the Friday prayers. Since the time of Prophet Mohammad, people have erudite how to live in a practical manner and this has been transmitted to their future generations.The Muslims also adopt the sustenance style of the Prophet that includes his habits and style and the way he dealt with the other people. He was always considerate and caring, he always used to forgive others and he always used to be polite with others and this is what the Muslims must school in themselves as well. The Quran also talks about Prophet Mohammad and has commanded the Muslims to follow what the Prophet has taught and to pursue the teachings of the Prophet at all times. The significance of Sunnah is moreover also to please God by doing what His most loved Prophet did and to embrace his way of living.Both the Quran and the Sunnah therefore, play a very vital role in shaping up the life of a Muslim and so these have a great influence on the lives of the Muslim community. Work Cited Neusner, Jacob. World Relgions in the States An Introduction. 3rd Edn. Westminster John Knox Press, 2003. Swarup, Ram. Understanding the Hadith The Sacred Traditions of Islam. 1st Edn. Prometheus Books, 2002. Voorst, Robert. E. V. Anthology of World Scriptures. 6th Edn. Wadsworth Publishin g, 2007. Waqner, Walter H. Opening the Quran Introducing Islams Holy Book. 1st Edn. University of Notre Dame Press, 2008.

Ways promoting efficiency in a business Essay Example for Free

Ways promoting dexterity in a business examineTalking an example of production industries, promoting a culture of open communication will enhance the skill of helping hoi polloi. This skill will aid in problem solving. still under helping people skill patience as a skill will apply in that in teddy of delays of salaries workers will not feel that they are being subjected to kind of punishment (Richards, 2011).Another way of ensuring efficiency is encouraging communication, collaboration and feedback between departments and the management staff this will promote stream of ideas resulting to a much productive team overall. Positive perspective way of looking at your business as a worker increases output thus promoting efficiency. Computer survey as a skill enhances adoption of late technology that put your business in front line towards more effective procedures. This creates founder reference experience for employers and clients resulting to a stronger bottom hold.Being focused as an entrepreneur sets a good usance model to your workers. In trying to be like, they put in enough effort which in translate encourages efficiency. An outgoing business man sees to it that he is trending with current technology. The skill of being obsessive and compulsive assist you as a manager to make certain decision that will have an impact on your workers which in a way promotes efficiency for example punishing indiscipline.Lastly getting to know your workers better is a key point in promoting efficiency. This can be achieved by analysing employee process to their overall efficiency. flexibleness or the skill of adopting to change promotes efficiency in that no time is wastage trying to deny changes introduced in the business. After that is done achievable goals should be set. These realistic tangible goals provides motivation needed to achieve them which in turn enhances efficiency.ReferenceRichards, G. (2011). Warehouse management A complete guide to improving e fficiency and minimizing be in the modern warehouse. London Kogan Page.Source document

Immanuel Kant - Metaphysics of Morals Essay Example for Free

Immanuel Kant Metaphysics of Morals try outIn his publication, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Immanuel Kant supplies his readers with a thesis that claims righteousity muckle be derived from the principle of the categorical tyrannical. The strongest argument to conduct his thesis is the difference between work ons in accordance with handicraft and actions in accordance from trading. To make up ones mindup his thesis, Kant first draws a distinction between empirical and a priori concepts. Empirical concepts argon images we reach from our experiences in the world. On the other hand and in contrast, a priori concepts ar ideas we reach as an end point of reasoning prior to or apart from any experience of how things occur in the world. Kant then claims that lesson actions are supposed done for the reason of moral philosophy alone. This train of thought leads to the conclusion that an understanding of morality must be based on a priori concepts of reason. T ruly moral ideas are then ordinaryly reason subject if and solely if they are based on a priori concepts.From this idea of a priori concepts, Kant begins his thesis with the notion that the only thing in the world that is a qualified corking is the good testament, even if its efforts bring rough a not necessarily good result. A good will is good because of the willing that is involved. ii main implications arise with this idea of the good will. The first implication is moral actions cannot have impure penurys. there are many impure motivations but Kant tends to focus mainly on the motives of the pursuit of happiness and self-preservation.Second, moral actions cannot be based on the speculations of the probable results. This action is not good in itself but good because it brought somewhat a more desirable outcome. Thus, Kant arrives at the conclusion that for an action to be considered to have attested moral worth its motive must be that of dutifulness to moral practice of lawfulness. In Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant lays out three propositions about duty. The first is the will is a morally good action if it is done in accordance from duty, as opposed to an action done in accordance with duty.The second proposition is that actions are judged by the saw or principle that was the motivation behind the action. If someone undertakes an action with the only motivation being that of a sense of duty, they are following a valid a priori action. On the other hand if they settle down to undertake an action in order to bring about a desired result, then their motivation is one that is beyond mere duty. Kants third proposition then explains that is not the take to be for the power of the law but rather it is the moral motivation of an individual who acknowledges that the law is an imperative of reason that trumps our other interests.The will, as Kant describes, is of practical reason. A rational being is an individual who has the capacity to execute their behavior by the conceptions of laws. This playing area of action is also known as the will. Our discernment that advises us on our action is known as an imperative or a command to act on a certain motive. An imperative can be either hypothetical or categorical. In the hypothetical imperative one acknowledges an action as right or necessary if it is a manner in which to obtain or achieve a certain goal.As such(prenominal) you would act on an action if a previous circumstance has taken place. These types of actions come from our previous experiences and counsel us to a way in which our desires can be achieved. Thus, an action cannot be held universally valid at all times if its goal is to acquire some object glass of desire under a certain set of conditions. If the goal is ultimately happiness, we are unable to set any universally hypothetical imperatives for happiness. This is because the definition of happiness differs from person to person.One mans happiness c an genuinely well be another mans misery. As Kant explains, a binding moral law then cannot be equivalent or parallel to a hypothetical imperative. Pure reason comes from the ability to consider neither a motivating condition accompanying another nor its intended results. With that, we then need to find a principle with universal validity or a principle that is valid no matter what anaesthetise is being considered. A priori principles of reason are the only principles that fit this standard on which a judgment or decision may be based.Hence, Immanuel Kant formulates that a moral imperative is one that is an unconditional or categorical imperative. A categorical imperative is our moral consciousness to do our duty because we ought to do our duty instead of pursuing our own desires attached to the duty. Such an imperative is driven by pure reason. Because we overleap our desires or maxims, we need only to focus on the form of our imperative. The form needs to be universally applica ble or valid for all rational beings to follow. Thus, Kant gives us only one categorical imperative and it is Actonly according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law (Kant pg. 38). This universal law of morality states that we should act in such a way that we could will the maxim of our action to become universally applicable. This should be used as the criterion to determine whether or not a maxim is morally valid. Before we are able to apply a maxim to this categorical imperative, it is required that the maxim first, be fit to be a law of nature and second, is based on a notion that all actions have ends.The second pertains to the idea that men and women are ends in themselves. No maxim that does not impose or imply respect as a necessary accompaniment for men and women can be a moral law valid for everyone. Third, we must see every rational being as able to make universal laws. Last, the maxim requires the moral agent to act as a lawgiving member of all persons. From these points, two great ideas arise. The ideas deal with the autonomy of the will and dignity of the individual. Each person is essentially their own lawmaker, obeying the laws that they give themselves as a rational being.A person is not bound to a law by dread or hope of some reward, but freely bound to it by their lawgiving ability. This moral will is autonomous. Autonomy, which heart and soul self-law, is the only way Kant believes an individual to achieve the ultimate freedom. If an individual obeys laws from some other lawgiver, such as God and government, because of fear of punishment or hope of reward, he or she is not truly free. I savour the strongest objection to this thesis is Kant does not take enough consideration to human beings natural emotions.I believe his thesis weighs to heavily on mere reason alone without any emphasis on the emotional component of our morality. Kants perception that morality is a chore neglects the f act that by performing actions from duty individuals can obtain a somewhat subtle level of personal gratification from partaking in such acts that are not generally enjoyable to execute. I am not thoroughly convinced that if you are able to gain some happiness and reward from an action that is not generally alluring.The strengths of my personal arrest rely on the possibility of achieving a tinting of reward by completing an compact. I feel there is an importance of doing something with a smile on your face. If you are unhappy to perform a moral action it will to reveal outwardly or make apparent that your heart is elsewhere, thus, tainting the action. However, if you perform these tasks quest a somewhat level of enjoyment others will notice that you truly care about what it is you are doing and perceive the action to be a notable one.The weakness is obviously that you will be more probable to engage and look to engage in more actions that will give you this appeal and second gr atification. This is not an ideal situation because placing a slight neglect to a duty or obligation that you might not find appeal in defeats the purpose of completing all of the obligations set for us to go through with. Kants thesis has strength in the fact that the universal law seems closely associate to the golden rule, which is do on to others as you would have others do on to you. With a statement as such it is awfully arduous to not perform a moral action.The weakness still lies in the fact Kant takes little to no consideration to humans natural emotions and feelings. Leading a moral life history does not have to be a melancholy life, one in which you are bound to an unceasing amount of duties that you can seek no joy in. Whether or not Kant intended to make morality seem like torture, it appears it comes off in this manner. Kants overall view of morality appears near flawless. If there was a manner in which he could have incorporated a leeway for some emotions, I feel h is thesis is in actuality how each individual should lead his or her life. .

Presentation of Statistical Information Essay Example for Free

Presentation of Statistical Information EssayDecision making within any accustomed organization requires the use of discipline and data so that the relevant and well-informed decisions that go away benefit the social unit organization can be made. Managers require information and data to be presented in an easy expressive style to analyze interpret and make the most- commensurate decision based on the report provided (Cox, Hand, Herzberg, 2005). The statistical information should be presented in a simple way and contain graphical, and visualization hence get the meaning of the information and make the most-appropriate decisions for the Industry week (Yergens, Dutton, Patten, 2014). The statistical information motivating to be accurate, precise, clear and concise so that the decision that the film director will be able to make will be well-informed (Brechner, 2009). The intro of the statistical information that has been obtained from the font education will use ta bles and graphs (Brechner, 2009). To be able to make the intro of the statistical information through the table and graphs effective for decision making, the graphs and tables should be directly related to the pen text in the pillowcase study (Cox, Hand, Herzberg, 2005). Therefore, this means that the information that is to be contained in the graphs and the tables should act as a summary for the safe and sound case study. Apart from universe directly related to the whole case study, the graphs and tables are as well needed to act as supporting evidence to the written text. Furthermore, the graphs and tables must(prenominal) also be clearly labelled (Yergens, Dutton, Patten, 2014). The manager is kind of a busy person who holds a allot of responsibility hence the amount of time that is required to interpret the statistical presentation of the information need to be minimized (Yergens, Dutton, Patten, 2014). Therefore, this is the reason as to why the presentation of the statistical information using the graphs and tables must be precise and clear (Brechner, 2009). In additional to ensuring that the tables and the graphs are properly labelled with all variables set correctly, it is important to include footnotes that are summarized for easy understanding of the graphs and tables (Cox, Hand, Herzberg, 2005). Graphs and tables will also be the most suitable for the presentation of the statistical information from this case study due to the reason that they provide the visuals that a manager needs to make an informed decision (Brechner, 2009). The graphs and tables also show how the variables obtained are related and how each impacts on the Industry Week hence the manager will be able to make well-informed decisions (Yergens, Dutton, Patten, 2014). Therefore, it will make the information more accessible to the manager, and also easy to memorize and remember with show up having to read the whole case study repeatedly.Limitations of the Study This case study has got some limitations that make it less reliable in making the final decision by the manager of the organization. Some of the limitations which can be directly place include the sample size used during the collection of data. The participants in the enquiry were 710 who completed their questionnaires but upon receiving the responses, simply 676 of the responses were analyzed to provide the statistical information (case study). Therefore, it means that the actual results of the research were not relayed in this case study. The statistical information that was collected should have included all the responses from the total participants who took part in the research so that the actual results could be obtained. Furthermore, the limitation of this study is based on the margin of error that was expect to be 4 percent (case study). This percentage is quite higher and hence reduced the chances of having accurate statistical information which the manager could t hen use to make the relevant decisions for the Industry week. The other limitation of the study is the in-depth follow-up telephone interviews that were conducted. The respondents who were involved in the follow-up interview was 40 in number (case study). Therefore, this was quite less considering that the total number of respondents who had been used in the research was 710 (case study). The number limited the chances of obtaining a wider race of responses during the follow-up interviews by the respondents (Goodhue, Lewis, Thompson, 2012). The study could also have been faced with the limitation of the questionnaire. The length of the questionnaires was quite big and hence may have affected the kind of response the participants provided when filling in the answers to the questions (case study). The research that was carried out made use of disproportionate sampling whereby the adverts used were for the year 1992 which had 648 adverts and 1997 that had 690 adverts (case study). Therefore, there is no possibility of erudite the trend based on the number of years that have lapsed between 1992 and 1997 (case study). Therefore, this reduces the chances of the manager being able to make appropriate and viable decisions based on the results of the study.ReferencesBrechner, R. A. (2009). Contemporary mathematics for business and consumers. Mason, Ohio South-Western Cengage Learning.Cox, D. R., Hand, D. J., Herzberg, A. M. (2005). Selected statistical papers of Sir David Cox. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Goodhue, D. L., Lewis, W., Thompson, R. (2012). Does pls have advantages for small sample size or non-normal data? MIS Quarterly, 36(3), 981-A16.Yergens, D. W., Dutton, D. J., Patten, S. B. (2014). An overview of the statistical methods reported by studies using the Canadian community health survey. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 14(1), 1-14. doi10.1186/1471-2288-14-15Source document

Online Behavioral Targeting and Consumer Privacy Issues Essay Example for Free

Online Behavioral Targeting and Consumer Privacy Issues Es rangeSophocles prolific writing has r atomic number 18ly produced a charr of such stern strength of character as Antigone. Inversely the comedy of Aristophanes Lysistrat was among the first to introduce a strong willed female protagonist, who is not a goddess. The treatment of some(prenominal) great writers differs in the fact that the backdrops and the moods are distinctly different. While Sophocles zeroed in on the sombre tragedy, Aristophanes chose to inject feminist revolt against domination finished zestful comedy. From a gender perspective it is important to study the motives tail end the actions of the lead characters in both the plays. There fork up been suicides and suicides in Greek tragedies (which almost define Greek tragedies). Sophocles Antigone commits suicide in the sad dungeon left to starve to death. But unlike the suicide of their mother Jocasta who decides to end her life when she learns that her matrimonial relationship with Oedipus was incestuous, Antigones death is a defiant protest against the tyranny of her uncle Creon and an emphasis of her strongly held belief, that her sidekick should be accorded a right burial.There have been few examples of valour from Greek women who defied the norms of either their modern society or their king for a symbolic gesture rather than a cause. In the carapace of Antigone it was the burial rights to one of her two dead comrades which drives her to go against the will of the ruler, Creon. Antigone begins after both the warring brothers have apparently killed each other and since Polynices revolted against the state and led an Argive army to overthrow his brother Eteocles, he is deemed to be a sinner against the state.Thus Creone, brother of Jocasta, who becomes the ruler decrees his body to be deprived of proper burial rites to ensure that his soul rots beyond redemption. Antigone, in the beginning of the play expresses her wish to accord her brother proper burial. It is a symbolic depiction of Antigones moral strength that she decides to go ahead in her chosen course though she is unable to enlist the support of her more timid sister Ismene.This is a marked deviation from the depiction of women in Greek literary productions of the measure where women were always looked upon as mutually beneficial on others for the strength of their reliances. Antigone succeeds in her stated mission and when this becomes known to Creone, an argument rages on the choice surrounded by the natural law and man-made laws. In another daring drift from established norm, the chorus in Sophocles play have the moral courage to call the path of their emperor as the more evil.Creones give-and-take and Antigones fiance Haemon comes to her defence and the ensuing debate on the justice of natural laws which should supplant man made laws is a dramatists delight. Creone, however, decides to leave Antigone to starve to death in a sealed cave as her prison. The blind prophet Tiresias also advocates against punishment to Antigone and says he will pass corpse for corpse, and flesh for flesh. The declaration of Tiresias that Creon is causing moral pollution causes a change of content in Creone. His moral dilemma leads him to conclude that Polynices should be buried and Antigone should be pardoned.But by this time, Hameon reaches Antigones cave with the intention of saving her only to find that she has committed suicide by hanging herself, untold like her mother Jocasta before her. When Creon reaches the cave he finds Hameon grieving over Antigone and he takes his life by stabbing himself as Creon approaches him. This leads Eurydice, Creons wife to give up her life in the grief of her sons untimely death. Thus Creon loses all his loved ones due to his one fatal erring conviction to hold the laws of the state above the natural law.The tragic flaw, is thus justified in Sophocles Antigone. It is easy to categorise the play Lysistrata by Aristophanes as a lewd comedy designed to entertain the Greek literature and drama lovers with a lampooning of the results if women begin to take an interest in affairs of national importance. It is also actually convenient to visualize male actors playing all the important roles of the play and the male male characters draining erect phalluses to depict their masculinity might have led to uproarious laughter.However, with passing time and the attending of retrospection help us to begin to understand that Aristophanes might have devoted considerable time and emotional energy in trying to decipher what goes through the hearts and heads of women of his time who were modelled to be subservient and detached from the affairs of the state. Lysistrata leads a domestic and non violent non-cooperation movement (though the medium of non cooperation seldom ventures beyond the customary sexual subjugation) to convince the men of the time to end the long standing war (ap parently the Peloponnesian war) and move back peace.The play is an apparent comedy that it depicts women as sex crazed and spine less characters for whom hike beyond their daily chores is a daunting task. Except fro Lysistrata, no other woman comes across as strong willed enough to contribute in any way to the cause of the play. One can gauge the gusty laughter the scene involving the swearing of oath by drinking wine from a racing shell as it was a portrayal of women as being incapable of self restraint (from all favorable things in life, including wine and sex).Though Lysistrata as a play has a lot of titillate the viewers, it has been seen in modern light as a commentary on the plight of women who have no say in the affairs of the state entirely decide by the men but have to taciturnly suffer the consequences. This has remained unchanged even after the liberation ages of the 20th century. Aristophanes does manage to draw a extravaganza of Greek women as incapable of with ho lding sex or thinking beyond sex as the only weapon in her armour to control or change society.It is possible though to unbosom this caricature as Aristophanes attempt not to ruffle the feathers of his contemporary society while at the alike(p) time recording for future history that women did harbour different opinions on the approaches of the state to war and peace. The widowhood and martyrdom of a mother who loses her children to the ravages of war are not mentioned, perhaps because they would have added the much relegated sobriety to this deemed comedy. sexual urge domination is a visible thread in Lysistrata, but whether Aristophanes designed this play as a comic fiction based on improbable scenarios of liberated women questioning state policies, or as an underhanded attempt to depict female angst of his contemporary Greek society is debatable. However Lysistrata has remained current and pregnant to this date due to its universal themes of Peace being preferred over War and has helped several affectionate commentators put across their point during the several un necessary wars that dot world history to date be it the Vietnam war or the latest invasion of Iraq.Whatever be the motivation, both Sophocles and Aristophanes manage to leave behind a piece of Literature which continues to engage readers and historians in a healthy debate on the amplitude placed on female equality by writers from the Greek age to the present day.Works Cited or used as referenceHenderson, Jeffrey (contributor) Lysistrata by Aristophanes, London Oxford University Press, 1990 Translated by Gibbons, Reginald and Segal, Charles Antigone by Sophocles, NewYork Oxford University Press US, 2003

Locke on Language Essay Example for Free

Locke on Language seekJohn Locke (1632-1704) is a great influential British philosopher, reputed by many as the starting line of the great English empiricists. He offered a comprehensive philosophy of dustup as well, which was the first of its kind in modern philosophy. In line with Descartes, he pushed reason to the forefront as a tool of philosophical enquiry and opposed authoritarianism and blind acceptance of dictates of religion or superstitions. Lockes masterpiece, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, concerns itself with determining the limits of human understanding and the legitimacy of knowledge claims. Specifically, Book III of the work investigates into language and its importance in the process of knowledge and epistemo ratiocinative enquiries. Let me brief the main aspects of his approach to language and the context from which it evolves out. Body of the Essay (Lockean Enquiry into Language) In the four Books of the Essay, Locke considers the sources and natu re of human knowledge and as a part of it he takes up a study of language. (An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke, 1. 1. 7. , p. 47). Against Descartes, he claimed, that soul has no ingrained ideas (primary notions or inborn ideas).Human mind is a tabula rasa (clear slate) and set abouts write on it. In holding this view he subscribes to the axiom of empiricism that there is nothing in the intellect that was not previously in the senses. Ideas be but materials, out of which, knowledge is constructed. Neither speculative or innate moral principles, nor ideas, such as God, identity, etc. , are there in the mind of the new-born. Children and the idiots prove it, Locke says. His supposition of substratum and substance, and the distinction he makes between primary and secondary qualities are all someway affiliated to his scheme of language.The distinction between real warmheartednesss and nominal essences, which he makes, stems from his theories of substance and qualitie s. It seems Locke holds some version of the naturalistic theory of perception, though some scholars dispute it. Locke is not at all skeptic about substances as did Hume. Since Berkeley, Lockes theory of the substratum or substance has been attacked as incoherent. Since we subscribe no such experience of such an entity there is no way to derive such an idea from experience, his critics argue. (cf. I. IV. 18. p 95) The real essence of a material thing is its atomic constitution.The atomic constitution is the causal basis of all the discernible properties of the thing. If the real essences were known all the observable properties could be deduced from it. These real essences are quite unknown to us according to Locke. Ayer interprets substance in general mean whatever it is that supports qualities, while the real essence means the particular atomic constitution lying behind observable qualities. Ayer treats the unknown substratum as the alike as real essence. This interpretation e liminates the need to explain particulars without properties.But it is to be accepted that such reductionism lacks textual support from Locke and it conflicts some of Lockes own positions according to some critics. A theory of gist (semantic theory) is telephone exchange to any philosophical account of language Locke also develops one when he claims that our words (general terms) refer to our (abstract) ideas. cabbage ideas and classification are of central importance to Lockes discussion of language. Words that stand for ideas can be distinguished as ideas of substances, simple modes, mixed modes, relations etc.Not all words are ideas, for example, particles that relate. In his analysis of language, Locke ripostes more attention to nouns than to verbs (II. 7. 1. p 471). Though Lockes main semantic theory claimed that Words in their primary or immediate signification signify nothing but the ideas in the mind of him that uses them, it was vehemently criticized as a classic blunde r in semantic theory. For J. S. Mill, Locke seems not distinguishing the meaning of the word from its reference. But as Norman Kretzmann rightly points out Locke distinguishes between meaning and reference (Tipton, 1977, pp. 123-140).In Lockes discussion on substances, he says, physical substances are atoms and things made up of atoms. But we have no experience of the atomic structure of horses and tables. Horses and tables are known through secondary qualities such as color, taste, smell etc and primary qualities such as shape and extension. Hence he held that real essence cannot give meaning of names. Ordinary people are the chief makers of language, he believed. Conclusion Locke brought in a tradition in language theory that influenced James Campbell and I. A.Richards, rhetoricians like Edward P. J. Corbett, Condillac, Saussure and structuralists like Claude Levi-Strauss. Linguistic philosophy (logical positivism, logical atomism and so on) in 20th century had something to respo nd to Locke if not to receive from him. However, I wouldnt reckon Locke as a linguist than an empiricist.ReferencesLocke, John (1995) An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Aemherst, New York Prometheus Books. Kretzmann, Norman (1977) The chief(prenominal) Thesis of Lockes Semantic Theory. in Locke on Human Understanding,(ed) I. C. Tipton. pp. 123-140.

.Northwest Airlines Essay Example for Free

. northwestward Airlines Essay1).Northwest Airlines applied mathematical models to determine which customers in its database were currently responsible for most of its profitability and which customers were not currently profitable but had similar characteristics to the most profitable customers. Northwest Airlines utilized _____ to identify these customers. 2) Minute wet nurse sees question as the fundamental first step in any business decision, and it created proprietary methods for conducting look for. At what level of the hierarchy of business decision makers does Minute Maid operate 3) Which of the following questions is considered first when discussing a management dilemma 4) The goal of ethics in research is to _____. 5) _____ occurs when the participants atomic number 18 told only part of the truth or when the truth is fully compromised. 6) The process of stating the basic dilemma and then developing other questions by progressively breaking down the original quest ion into more specific ones is called the _____. 7) The fundamental weakness in the research process is _____. 8) Which type of management question asks what do we want to achieve 9) In the Southeast, the potato chip market share held by the Lays brand is 46. This is an lawsuit of _____.10) An increase in hours of television viewing leads to increases in the sales of snack foods. This is an example of a _____. 11) To be categorized as a customer, an individual must have a history of shopping at the establishment at least twice before the start of the study with expenditures of more than 10. RES/351 last Exam. This is an example of _____. 12) James is entering data on client gender. Because the values entered reflect male or female, this variable is _____. 13) Which variable in an audition is the variable expected to be affected by the utilization 14) Qualitative research seeks to _____ theory while quantitative research _____ it. 15) Which of the following is true of quantitati ve research 16) The use of a control group in experimentation _____. 17) What is the first step in conducting an experiment 18) Data originating from studies that are conducted by others and created for a purpose different from the purpose of the study for which the data are being reviewed are called _____ data. Res 351 final exam 19) The goal of a formal study is to _____. 20) A _____ scale is a scale that scores an object or property without making a lease comparison to another object or property. 21).What type of data is produced by simple category scales

The Meaning of Lives Essay Example for Free

The centre of Lives EssayIn her phrase The Meaning of Lives, Susan brute, a moral philosopher and philosopher of meetion, investigates whether content tail exist in confronts without postulating the existance of graven image. wildcat well establishes her position on this philosophic hesitation from an agnostic berth and rationally argues that such a question discharge in f wager fit within a negative or agnostic check nigh the message of purport ( masher 63). With this paper, I will first-year summarize the prominent points of barbarians article wherefore highlight and expound upon areas of her argument that contradict her line of reason. Lastly, I will introduce the theist perspective on heartful lives along with presenting animals reason and argument as supporting essay for the theistal aspect. In the Meaning of Lives, Susan Wolf opens briefly with an evaluation of the philosophically ambiguous question, What is the heart of emotional state? She argu es this partlyicular question is impossible to rationalize because it dependents upon a postulation for the organism of paragon.Wolf claims it is necessary to collect the existence of God in order to argue this kickoffal question because if God does exist, therefore He may have created us for a reason, with a design in mind(Wolf 63). Thus, if God exists then there would be purpose and signification to forgiving being existence dependent upon the creator God. Wolf does not deny the existence of God she simply suggests that a divine existence is improvable. Therefore the question of a grand purpose and importation in lifetime is an unnecessary and an improvable argument to find an resolution to, due to the improvable nature of God.However, she does believe that marrow in lives is not contingent on(p) upon the existence of God stating, Meaningfulness is an evident stimulate to be want in life and that a decreed view about the possibility of heart in lives can fit wit h a negative or agnostic view about the moment of life(Wolf 63). She expounds on this argument in tierce distinct sections. The first part of Wolfs argument observes three different examples of empty lifestyle. Wolf articulates that learning from three paradigms of importeeless lives, unitary can construct an taste for meaningfulness.She begins with a lifestyle she labeled the pick out. The Blob is defined by a lifestyle that is lived in hazy passivity unconnected to anyone or anything, going nowhere, achieving aught (Wolf 64). Wolf deduces from the Blobs meaningless lifestyle, that in order to nominate a meaningful life one mustiness be booked in a project, which can include proportionships. The second meaningless lifestyle, in contrast to the Blobs lifestyle of passivity, is regarded as the Useless life a life whose dominant activities seem pointless, baseless or empty (Wolf 65).After reviewing the lifestyle of the Useless life, a life void of worth, to bring home the bacon meaning one must be engaged in a project or projects that have rough dogmatic care for (Wolf 65). The final category of a meaningless life would be the lifestyle of the Bankrupt, somebody who is engaged or even dedicated, to a project that is supremely revealed as bankrupt, not because the persons measure outs are shallow or misguided, provided because the project fails(Wolf 65).Ultimately, Wolf concludes that in order to achieve meaningfulness one must not exclusively be engaged in a project of positive measure out but that project must be in some way successful. After providing a working definition for a meaningful life, Wolf raises the question as to what constitutes positive take account and who has the in good order to target arealy determine value. Similarly to Wolfs construction of meaningfulness, she argues reasons for why an individual is incapable of aimly determining positive value.This incapability for determining objective value is due to the individu als subjectiveness and interest in living a life that feels or seems meaningful(Wolf 66). Therefore, because an individual is incapable of distinguishing objective positive value from interest, it is unlikely that the individual can distinguish what is required for a meaningful life. She argues that objective value is determined and achieved through ob destiny value in other peoples lives.Wolf clarifies that the objective good she is referring to is not compared to moral goodness, benefiting or honoring humanity (Wolf 67). Wolf claims that meaningfulness is not contingent upon moral value. Instead, Wolf suggests that while there are examples of lives exhibiting great moral value, such as set out Teresa and Gandhi, that are effective of meaning there are also examples of other lives, such as artists, scholars, musicians and athletes, that bear great meaning, not based upon their moral value.These lives are considered valuable and meaningful due to their ability to infract our ski lls and our agreement of the manhood which give meaning to our lives- but they do not give moral value to them (Wolf 67). A greater disposition of our give birth worth and the Uni meter is what Wolf constitutes for lives to have meaning. The final do in Wolfs argument poses the question what is the good, after all, of living a meaningful life(Wolf 67)? Wolf does not wish to define goodness, but rather discusses the advantages for living a life full of meaning.Wolf makes the final stand, that in order to grasp meaningfulness and understand how one can achieve it in their life an individual must become enlightened to their status in the public as a tiny speck in a vast universe (Wolf 69). This description of where an individual lies in relation to the vastness of the Universe, provides the naturalism that meaning in lives cannot logically be contingent upon the desires and benefits for the individual, due to humanities insignificance.It seems unconnected to Wolf, that a person who seeks to find meaning in their life could conclude that is dependent upon their independent cheer claiming, to devote one egotism wholly to ones own satisfaction seems to me to fly in the face of rectitude, to act as if one is the only thing that matters, or perhaps, more, that ones own psychology is the only semen of (determining) what matters (Wolf 70). The loyalty, to which Wolf refers, is the reality that individuals have very little significance in relation to the value of the vast Universe.It is because of this truth that a self-center and egocentric life goes against of logic after such a truth is know. Wolf argues that instead of egocentric priorities to achieve meaning, an individual should alternatively be focused on the demand of the Universe and others. She understands that you are just one person among others, equally real- is the point of reference of practical reason-in this case, it gives you reason to call for the pains of others to constitute reasons f or actionreason to care about the pain of others that is grounded, not in our own psychologies, but a fact about the military man(Wolf 70).In this section, I will address three areas of Wolfs argumentation I find to be inharmonious with her argument as a whole. A concern that I have regarding Wolfs argument is her use of the word meaning, in regards to the meaning of lives. A very different connotation of the word meaning suggested by the philosophical question, What is the meaning of life? Wolf states that the question, What is the meaning of life? requires an individual to postulate the existence of God because it implies their last aim to find a purpose or a point to human existence(Wolf 63).However, Wolf also argues, whether or not God exists, the fact remains that some objects, activities and estimations are better than others. Whether or not God exists some ways of living are more worthwhile than others(Wolf 72). At the ascendent of Wolfs argument about the meaning of lives, suggests that she neither denies nor rejects the existence of God. She argues this as true because she believes the question behind the meaning in lives can be answered as an intelligible feature to be sought in life and that it is at least sometimes attainable but not everywhere assure(Wolf 63).Wolf reduces the meaning of lives to that which can be determined by human reasoning a limited measurement of this transitory world. Thus Wolf, who has neither denied nor rejected the existence of God has unreasonably eliminated the question of origin of lives, as irrelevant to meaning in lives. She focuses how current types of lives merit significance in existence and so refers to the word meaning as synonymous with value. Finally, Wolf argues that there is value in human lives that can fit with a negative or agnostic view about the meaning of life(Wolf 66).This controversy is far less controversial than her attempts to argue that meaning in lives is achievable without the postu lation of God. Logically, to explore meaning in lives, one must consider the beginning of life, which must have been constructed either by cam stroke or by a creator. Meaning cannot be cited as more or less real at a particular point in an individuals life. Thus, the point that one comes into existence must be regarded for defining meaning within an individuals life. The second problem in Wolfs argument comes in her evaluation of what is considered a project of positive value.An individual who is engaged in a project of positive value is central to Wolfs definition of a meaningful life. Although, projects of positive value can add to meaning in an individuals life, Wolfs reasoning as to who is to decide which projects have positive value is vague and inconsistent with her ahead positions (Wolf 66). Wolf concludes that individuals are incapable of objectively deciding what has positive value, due to subjective interests, which skew their understanding of objective value.Wolf deduc es that in order for an individual to understand projects of positive value, which will eventually adds meaning to heir lives, they must experience an epiphany to the recognition that our life to date has been meaningless (Wolf 66). This comment is completely inconsistent with Wolfs fundamental goal to acquire an understanding of meaning in lives from an intelligible routine of reason. The understanding for projects of positive value through an epiphany is inconsistent with her pervious arguments because it depends she suggests that understanding meaning comes from an unintelligible source of knowledge.Who is to say that that epiphany is not guided by a supreme higher being? The irony of Wolfs conclusion about the necessary epiphany, is that her statement It is the sort of experience that one might pull in in terms of scales dropping from ones eyes, compares closely to the allusion found in Acts 918 (Wolf 66). The verse reads And immediately something like scales fell from his eye s, and he regained his sight. Then he rose and was baptized (NIV 1000). The language of scales falling from the eyes in order to gain true understanding is regarded in two versions as an act depended upon a supernatural entity enabling the change.This very interesting comment by Wolf, suggests that understanding how an individual recognizes truth through epiphany is beyond the capabilities of human control and intellect. Her attempted arguments about how a meaningful life is realized are sound up until the point about epiphany. Lastly, Wolfs argument for meaning in lives lacks any discussion of immortality as a necessary property for meaning. Wolf reasons that there are certain lifestyles that are more meaningful than others.This argument for certain lifestyle having greater meaning has limited relevance because as she rationalizes, lives are finite and temporary as are the lives of others whom we must focus in our recognition of the truth that we are just a speck in the vast Uni verse(Wolf 69). Wolf does a fine job at articulating the insignificance and temporary state of human life. However, she fails to recognize that in her attempts to construct a logical framework for meaning in finite lives she disregards the possibility for immortality to give further meaning to lives.Thus, she reduces the idea of meaning as an avoidance of an egocentric lifestyle and recognizes insignificance and meaning within an individuals life alone. Wolfs claim that meaning is attainable through certain actions only satisfies temporary lives for a finite marrow of time. This argument surrounding meaning as dependent upon an inward acknowledgment of insignificance manifesting into outward actions, is simply a cycle of meaningless people jockstraping other meaningless people, and causes only a temporary impact.In an argument for the importance of immortality to meaning in lives, Gianluca Di Muzio states, If a human being dies and her actions have no steadfast effect, because t he world itself perished, then her life was meaningless. If, in the end, all comes to nothing, then it does not matter in the first place whether a particular person existed or not (Di Muzio 2). In order for actions and lives to be meaningful, they must have a lasting impact or something to gain, and provide for others in a way that is not reducible to the finite and temporary world. Thus, achievable immortality must exist for meaning to be possible.Although she attempts to determine the meaning in lives for an agnostic world, I would argue that Wolfs argument actually supports many theisticalalalalal views regarding the meaning of lives. Though many of Wolfs arguments do not adequately provide understanding for meaning in lives from an agnostic perspective, many of her points parallel to the theistic view of purpose theory. Before I expound on these similarities, an understanding of the theistic view regarding the meaning of must be addressed. According to Borchert, the theis tic view argues that, life is meaningful insofar as one fulfills a purpose that God has designate (Borchert 295).In Confession, Leo Tolstoy discusses meaning in life from the theistic perspective and claims now I see clearly that my faith-my only real faith-that which apart from my animal instincts gave impulse to my life- was a belief in perfecting myself (Klemke 2). Tolstoy sought such perfection in artistic achievements and loving his family. In trying to find meaning in family and people, Tolstoy ultimately realizes that My family wife and children are also human. They are placed just as I am they must either live in a lie or see the dread(a) truth (Klemke 10).In other words, Tolstoy realizes that if meaning resides in the finite and temporary nature of humanity, meaning similarly will die along with the life. Tolstoy further suggests that meaning cannot reside within artistic modes when he writes Art, poem? Under the define of success and the praise of men, I had long a ssured myself that this was a thing one could do though death was drawing near death which destroys all things, including my work and its remembrance but soon I saw that that too was a fraud (Klemke 10).This declaration further supports Tolstoys theistic belief that everything of and in this world cannot be the ultimate source of meaning in lives. Although, the substance of this world may increase value within life, it cannot supply ultimate, enduring meaning. Tolstoy finally declares, To know God and to live is one and the same thing. God is life- Live seeking God, and then you will not live without God (Klemke 11). This passage concludes with his theistic assertion that without a divine plan for the world, then all efforts come to nothing, because everything comes to nothing. because our lives are meaningless without God (Metz 293).Though Wolf attempts to support an agnostic view for the question, is there meaning in lives? her central points mirror those of the theistic view a nd supports many of its claims. This final section will reduce on central points within Wolfs argument that support a theistic view for understanding meaning in lives. To begin, she claims that a life has meaning insofar as it is engaged in a project or projects that have some positive value (Wolf 65). Although this statements seems logical, Wolf fails to provide an intelligible source for acquiring knowledge about whether or not a project has positive value and which projects do not.She betrays the agnostic attempt to provide an understanding of meaning in lives through reason, by suggesting that realization of projects with positive value relies upon an epiphany. The concept of an epiphany for realization is inconsistent with her attempts to rationalize. However, when Wolfs definition is placed against the theistic view, it is logically consistent with theological beliefs. Theists believe that an individual must be actively engaged in positively doctoring peoples lives with in t he world, while ultimately contributing to Gods divine plan in order for their lives to have meaning.This concept is articulated beautifully in Gianluca Di Muzios argument Theism and the Meaning of Life, in which he states, In order to have meaning, our lives must make a difference to a higher scheme. And theism sees human action as doing a sort of double duty. On one hand, they affect other people and events in this world, on the other, they further or hinder Gods ultimate plan (Di Muzio 2). This statement suggests that humanities actions in projects have the ability to have two different forms of significance, both congener and ultimate.Relative significance refers to the theistic perspective that, actions and events have relative significance when they only influence other actions and events(Di Muzio 3). Ultimate significance is when our actions and events contribute to Gods plan (Di Muzio 3). Both of these forms contribute to theistic view, however Wolfs argument focuses solely on relative significance. The theistic understanding of relative significance is paralleled to Wolfs understanding of meaning in lives. She believes that when individuals realize their insignificance and begin to seek beyond themselves for meaning by actively engaging in projects of positive value, they can acquire meaning.Though this insignificance is transient, it supports the theistic belief that, human beings have access to value without having to postulate the existence of God, because existence affords the opportunity to attain the kinds of goods that make a human life worthwhile and fulfilling (Di Muzio 5-6). Wolfs profound point that human life is just a speck in a vast universe lays the foundation for the theistic belief in ultimate significance (Wolf 71). Theists believe that there is A fundamental disproportion between aspirations and reality is a powerful source of the idea that our lives are absurd and meaningless.We think we matter, and yet we dont. The world is not i ntoned with our hope, desires and projects. The possibility of out destruction looms everywhere and human suffering, however enormous, seems to be nothing but a passing accident, a byproduct of the presence of sentient creatures in a world that merely tolerates them for a short time. (Di Muzio 9) This understanding of human insignificance plays a vital role in the theistic belief that despite human fragility, purpose and significance are achievable within the most tragic constituent. Wolfs recognition of our insignificance implies our need to look beyond our own lives for meaning.If a life of meaning depends upon recognizing the truth about our insignificance and continuing to be actively engaged in a project of positive value, and one cannot perform these projects due to tragic circumstances, then within Wolfs reasoning their life can not have meaning. Wolfs understanding of meaning depends upon individual human performance. In trying times of suffering, whether great or small, th is concept of looking outside of ones own circumstances is hard to accomplish and in some circumstances impossible, thus in such cases meaning cannot be unachieved.The theistic view of ultimate significance provides a hope that a life of suffering can have meaning and purpose too in that, the idea of God and hope for immortality can help us look again at the world and our fragile lives as meaningful(Di Muzio 9). The project of dynamic in Gods divine plan is the only project that has lasting and unwavering value for meaning in lives. Wolfs central argument concerning meaning in lives provides many logically convincing and sound points.However, Wolfs definition of a life of meaning is both confused from her original argument and lacks a consistent, authoritative source and process for achieving meaning. She attempts to suggest that meaning is an intelligible feature to be sought in life, then provides the solution for achieving this insight of through the unintelligible source of epi phany. Secondly, Wolfs argument for the realization of insignificance as the truth, unlocks the need for an individual to look beyond serving his or her own self-centered desires for meaning.However, though her point about insignificance seems valid, Wolf fails to provide examples or an understanding of how an individual can objectively determine how to look outside of themselves. In total, Wolf produces an understanding of meaning that depends upon an individuals abilities to undergo an epiphany and properly manifest their understanding of the need to look outside ones self and recognize Universal needs. The problem with this stance is that focusing on the Universe provides no lasting impact, or meaning to a particular life because the things of this Universe are finite and temporary.The individuals life will eventually end along with the actions and events they affected. Though existence can provide an opportunity for value, as understood in Wolfs argument and the theistic view, m eaning is dependent upon a myriad being whose performance can not be temporary. An individual must not be reliant on their personal performances and finite experiences to obtain meaning, but rather is actively engaged in an eternal project of positive value, determined by an infinite and constant authority, God.Works Cited Borchert, Donald M. Theism. Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2nd ed. 10. Detroit Gale, 2006. Web. 25 Apr 2012. Di Muzio, Gianluca. Theism and the Meaning of Life lifes meaning? Ars Disputandi . 6. (2006) 1-12. Print. Klemke, E. D. The Meaning of Life. 2nd. New York Oxford University Press, 2000. Print. Metz, Thaddeus. Could Gods purpose be the source of lifes meaning? Cambridge Journals. (2000) 293-311. Print. Wolf, Susan. The Meaning Of Lives. 62-73. Print.