Cell Division Mitosis And Meiosis Biology Essay

Cell Division Mitosis And Meiosis Biology EssayThe st nitty-grittyly cycle describes the sequence of events that croaks during the life of most eukaryotic cells. It spans through mitosis and cytokinesis,( unneurotic referred to as the M mannikin), then through interphase (G1, S, and G2.)Cell constituent involves the dispersion of identical ancestralal material, desoxyribonucleic acid, to two little girl cells. It consists of two phases, nuclear element followed by cytokinesis. Nuclear division divides the genetic material in the nucleus, piece cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm.There be two kinds of nuclear division-mitosis and miosis.Mitosis divides the nucleus so that both(prenominal) daughter cells atomic itemise 18 genetically identical. In contrast, meiosis is a reduction division, producing genetically variable daughter cells that contain one- half the genetic information of the boot cell.In either mitosis or meiosis, the whole cover begins with the condensati on(shortening and thickening) of the genetic material, chromatin, into tightly coiled bodies, the chromosomes. Each chromosome is made of two identical halves called sister chromatids conjugate at the centromere. Each chromatid consists of a angiotensin converting enzyme, tightly coiled molecule of DNA, the genetic material of the cell. In diploid cells, there are two copies of to apiece wiz chromosome, forming a pair, called homologous chromosomes. In a homologous pair of chromosomes, atomic number 53 homologue originated from the maternal parent, the different from the paternal parent.MitosisThere are four phases in mitosis prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.Prophase The nucleoli disappear and the chromatin condenses into chromosomes the nuclear envelope is degraded the mitotic spindle is assembled.The maturation of the mitotic spindle begins as the centrosomes chance upon a startle to antonym ends (or bet ons) of the nucleus. As they move apart, microtub ules develop from individually centrosome. Microtubules from each(prenominal) centrosome connect to a specialize region in the centromere called a kinetochore.Metaphase The chromosomes are distributed across the metaphase plate, an ideational plane lying at the equator, between the two poles of the spindle. Metaphase ends when the microtubules, lock up prone to the kinetochores, pull each chromosome apart into two chromatids. Each chromatid is complete with a centromere and a kinetochore. Once disassembled from its sister chromatid, each chromatid is called a chromosome.Anaphase Begins after the chromosomes are discernd into sister chromatids. The microtubules connected to the chromatids shorten, thus, pulling the chromosomes to other poles. The microtubules shorten due to uncoupling of tubulin units at their chromosome ends. At the end of anaphase, each pole has a complete set of chromosomes, the same number of chromosomes as the reliable cell. Since they consist of besi des one chromatid, each chromosome contains only a single copy of the DNA molecule.Telophase The process of nuclear division is completed here. A nuclear envelope develops around each pole, formingtwo nuclei. The chromosomes within each of these nuclei disperse into chromatin, and the nucleoli reappear.A constitutive part of the Telophase called Cytokinesis (in my opinion)creates two daughter cells by a process known as cytoplasmic cleavage.Whereas conventional mitosis is all about nuclear division into two daughter nuclei, cytokinesis embodies cytoplasmic division to form two cells.Interphase Sequel to completion of mitosis (cytokinesis, inclusive), interphase begins. It is the resting issue (The cell is non actively dividing) , and arguably the growth cessation of the cell cycle. This growth period is divided into three phases, designated G1, S, and G2 based of their inherent activities. Although the labels G1 and G2 are associated with growth and S with synthesis, it is worth noting that growth takes place during all three phases. However, S phase marks the time during which the second DNA molecule for each chromosome is synthesized. As a result of this DNA replication, each chromosome that appears at the beginning of the undermentionedmitotic division will appear as two sister chromatids. During the G2 period of growth, materials for the next mitotic division are prepared.MeiosisMeiosis is very akin to mitosis, however, major distinction is that meiosis consists of two groups of divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II (both consisting of 4 sub-stages) and occurs only in sexually reproducing organisms.In meiosis I homologous chromosomes pair at the metaphase plate, and then the homologues migrate to opposite poles, while, in meiosis II, chromosomes spread across the metaphase plate and sister chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles. Thus, meiosis II is analogous to mitosis. A compendious of each meiotic stage followsMeiosis IProphase IStarts h omogeneous prophase of mitosis. The nucleolus disappears chromatin condenses into chromosomes the nuclear envelope dissolves the spindle apparatus develops. different mitosis, however, once the chromosomes are condensed, homologous chromosomes pair, a process called synapsis. These pairs of homologous chromosomes are called tetrads (a group of four chromatids) or bivalents (two pairs). During synapsis, corresponding regions along non-sister chromatids form contiguous associations called chiasmata sites where genetic material is exchanged between non-sister homologous chromatids, a process called crossing over.Metaphase IHomologous pairs of chromosomes are spread across the metaphase plate. Microtubules extending from one pole are attach to the kinetochore of one fraction of each homologous pair. Microtubules from the other pole are connected to the second member of each homologous pair.Anaphase ICommences when homologues within tetrads uncouple as they are pulled to opposite p oles.Telophase IChromosomes are located at their respective poles, and a nuclear membrane develops around them. Each pole forms a sore nucleus that will set out half the number of chromosomes, but each chromosome will contain two chromatids. Since daughter nuclei will have half the number of chromosomes, cells that they eventually form will be haploid.As part of telophase I, the cells begin cytokinesis and form cleavage furrows or cell plates. In other species, cytokinesis is delayed until after meiosis II. Also, a short interphase II may begin. No replication of chromosomes occurs during this period. Instead, part II of meiosis begins in both daughter nuclei.Meiosis IIProphase IIThe nuclear envelope disappears and the spindle develops. There are no chiasmata and no crossing over of genetic material as in prophase I.Metaphase IIChromosomes align singly on the metaphase plate (not in tetrads as in metaphase I). Single alignment of chromosomes is merely what happens in mitosis exc ept that now there is only half the number of chromosomes.Anaphase IIEach chromosome is pulled apart into two chromatids by the microtubules of the spindle apparatus. The chromatids (now chromosomes) migrate to their respective poles. Similar to what happens in mitosis except that now there is only half the number of chromosomes.Telophase IIThe nuclear envelope reappears at each pole and cytokinesis occurs. The end result of meiosis is four haploid cells (chromosome organic law of each daughter cell designated by n). Each cell contains half the number of chromosomes, and each chromosome consists of only one chromatid. Later in interphase, a second chromatid in each chromosome is replicated, but the cell will still have only half the number of chromosomes.Consequence of Meiotic mistake manytimes, a set of chromosomes has an extra or a missing chromosome. This occurs because of non-disjunction -the chromosomes failed to separate properly during meiosis. This error, which produces th e wrong number of chromosomes in a cell, results in prankish genetic defects. For example, humans typically have 23 pairs of chromosomes, but individuals with Downs syndrome have three-instead of two-copies of the 21st chromosome. A condition known as trisomy and designated as 2n+1Chromosomal ab dominionities also occur if one or more segments of a chromosome break. The most common example is translocation (a segment of a chromosome moves to another chromosome). Translocation involves transposons, DNA segments that have the ability to move around the genome. Sometimes when they move, they leave female genitalia mutations, and they can cause mutations by inserting into a gene. Fortunately, in most cases, alter DNA can usually be repaired with special repair enzymes.A Comparison between Mitosis and MeiosisRegulation of the Cell CycleThe cell-cycle keep system triggers the events of the cell cycle and ensures that these events are properly timed and occur in the correct order. The insure system responds to various intracellular and extracellular signals and arrests the cycle when the cell either fails to complete an essential cell-cycle process or encounters unfavourable environmental or intracellular conditions. This control system comprises of several(prenominal) checkpoints a critical control point in the cell cycle. study checkpoints include G1, G2, and M checkpointsG1 checkpoint the Restriction Point. It ensures that the cell is large fair to middling to divide, and that enough nutrients are available to support the resulting daughter cells.G2 checkpoint ensures that DNA replication in S phase has been completed successfullyMetaphase checkpoint ensures that all of the chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle by a kinetochore.Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks) as the name implies, depend on cyclin for their activity. Oscillations in the activities of various cyclin-Cdk complexes control various cell-cycle events. Thus, actuation of S-ph ase cyclin-Cdk complexes (S-Cdk) initiates S phase, while activation of M-phase cyclin-Cdk complexes (M-Cdk) triggers mitosis. The mechanisms that control the activities of cyclin-Cdk complexes include phosphorylation of the Cdk subunit, binding of Cdk inhibitor proteins (CIPs), proteolysis of cyclins, and changes in the transcription of genes encode Cdk regulators. The cell-cycle control system also depends crucially on two extra enzyme complexes, the anaphase promoting complex (APC) and SCF ubiquitin ligases, which catalyze the ubiquitylation and consequent destruction of specific regulatory proteins that control critical events in the cycle.Growth factors Cellular plasma membranes have receptors for extraneous molecules, or growth factors, thatstimulate a cell to divide. One much(prenominal) growth factor is produced by damaged cells, stimulating other cells to divide. much than 50 different growth factors are known.Density-dependent quelling Conventionally, cells stop div iding when the touch cell density reaches a certain maximum.Anchorage dependence Some cells cannot divide except they are attached to an external surface, such as the flat surface of a neighbouring cell (or the side of a finis dish).Cells Which No Longer Respond to Cell-Cycle Controls Cancer Cells Cancer is characterized by masterless cell growth and division. Transformed/Mutated cells, cells that have become cancerous, proliferate without feign to cell cycle checkpoints (Cancer cells do not exhibit contact inhibition), density-dependent inhibition (If cultured, they continue to grow on top of each other when the total area of the petri dish has been covered ), anchorage dependence, and other regulatory mechanisms (or have abnormal signal transduction sequences which falsely convey growth signals thereby bypassing normal growth checks). Thus, cancer is a disease of the cell cycle.Acknowledgement every(prenominal) diagrams/tables were got fromhttp//www.uic.edu/classes/bios/b ios100/f05pm/lect13.htm

Shyness And Awkwardness In Everyday Encounters Psychology Essay

backwardness And Awkwardness In Everyday Encounters Psychology EssayMaybe at the bus, or the anteroom of a dental clinic, or level off while waiting for that yummy fill of coffee, those are some of the times that you find yourself looking at the ceiling, checking your phone for that unread message or even noticing how exceptionally charming are the wrinkles of your hands. In little than ten minutes, you book already canvass all the posters glued to the metal stool, and you can name by kernel every one of the magazines sitting on the lobby table. That is when you learn to get started a nonchalant conversation with the stranger standing next to you, notwithstanding suddenly you sapidity ill at ease(predicate) as you are preoccupied with concerns roughly your self-presentation. This discomfort or inhibition in interpersonal postures is defined as reserve. It can be described as a form of luxuriant self-focus, and preoccupation of ones thoughts, feelings and even phys ical reactions. Shy passel tend to feel uncomfortable and awkward in accessible situations. They try to abide to the rules of social fundamental interactions, but emotional and physical inhibitions prevent them from doing so.Shy individuals, contrary to the special K belief, are not introverts. Introverts prefer creation alone and enjoy the overlook of human interaction. On the separate hand, fainthearted individuals crave for human interaction and social recognition as a part of a root. However, their egoism and often the lack of assertiveness prompt them to give up opportunities to socialize. They are extroverts, but they handicap themselves by not entering social groups or speaking to strangers, and subsequently pass up the chances to practice the social skills necessary for a social rehabilitation.Being timid can be afflictive to watch, and even more than disturbing to experience. Shyness can lead to the most(prenominal) awkward situations. American adolescents hav e hard-won expertise in this issue with their unambiguous exclamation Awkward, trying to ease the tension of the most uncomfortable situations. Furthermore, in that respect are tons of self-help books to deal with awkward co-workers, and also on weekends or holidays we must face the awkwardness of the family gatherings, where people connected by blood kinship cannot share the most innocuous opinions without risking emotional or physical tension. Men are uncomfortable at seduction, knowing that an unwelcoming advance will result to rejection- a discomforting situation- and women never know if making the branch move will be considered as a welcome substitute or a manifestation of castrating pushiness. Our lives are all filled with examples of awkwardness, which we deflect by individualizing ourselves. Socially awkward or faint-hearted individuals often infer their objective opinions in the pursuit of avoiding a potential discomfort, further construction the barrier amongst the m and other participants in social interactions.We so much despise the feeling of awkwardness that we develop techniques or rituals to avoid the same situations. These techniques are often executed subconsciously and are interconnected with the self-reflection functioning which hinders socially-awkward people from being socially active in a group of people. Avoiding eye contact followed by texting or calling from a booth phone, or intentionally revealing the cable of your headphones are some of the techniques use to create a barrier in the midst of human interactions. Other techniques comparable slightly leaning towards someone, grunting or laughing aloud while teaching a joke in the newspaper are examples of indirect flack of faint individuals, who on the other hand try to participate in social occasions.In ingredientral, it is believed that most people arent comfortable being observe or approached. This is connected to the insecurity and low self-esteem that embodies a circulate of socially awkward individuals, and also to the upbringing or culture of others. whatsoever cultures of the East do not allow unmarried women to interact with men, and others even prohibit women from being in public without a spousal or blood-related male companion. On the other hand, western cultures raise their children to be more independent and support social interactions between them and their fellows. It can be inferred that responses to faintness are not universal, for example faint-heartedness is negatively associated with peer acceptance in the United States of America, but positively in China. release aside the cultural factors, even small things, such as the directions of the chairs in an auditorium or in a bus facing towards the front of the tip or the vehicle respectively, with no overlapping visual field between the people seated- play a substantial role in forming, or preventing social connections.Although the look of coyness is relative new, rese archers have been able to shit the social behaviors and the factors that influence the phenomenon of social awkwardness and shyness. Shyness seems to be a form of social anxiety, where the shy individual may experience a range of feelings from mild anxiety in the presence of unfamiliar individuals to panic attacks with more serious symptoms for the individual. Additional research shows that there are various kinds of shyness. Buss, writer of the book Personality temperament, social behavior and the self (1995), argues that there are only two of this phenomena anxious shyness and self- conscious shyness. The differences between these two can be summarized to the time of appearance, type of emotion or feelings generated, and the immediate or enduring causes. Buss states that the events that evoke the two kinds of shyness are different. Theprimary causes of anxious shyness can be classify into two categories. The first is noveltyof persons, environment and social role. The second is evaluation, which occurs because the situation is social organisationd that way or because of failed self-presentation. He further reiterates that the immediate causes of self-aware shyness are more complex, involving conspicuousness, breach of privacy, others actions and ones own social mistakes.Although it is virtually unbelievable to think that shyness is genetically inherited, Buss states that anxiously shy people are most probably born that way. The inheritance may be a direct inheritance of a authoritative gene or the combination of inherited traits that are genetically expressions of low sociability. Also, he argues that attachment in the infancy causes low self-confidence and renders anxiously shy people sensitive to evaluation. Children from the moment of birth, tend to be curious beings. From the previous(predicate) stages of their lives, they express curiosity towards the human body and the environment surrounding them babies try to reach and touch their parents f ace, are caught at staring at certain individuals, et cetera. These practices, however, are slowly suppressed, while the social norms trample over the alleged(prenominal) childrens curiosity as the children grow up. On the other hand, overly link children show signs of anxious shyness from the very beginning of their lives certain babies forebode when strangers touch them or when they are taken away from their parents, children of ages 1-2 hide nookie their parent when a stranger is approaching, et cetera.In the attempt of researching in prudence the phenomenon of shyness Pilkonis, a researcher from Stanford University, designed an examination to investigate the differences between shy and non-shy individuals. To assess possible gender differences in the manifestation of shyness, some(prenominal) males and females were included as subjects. In a research by Pilkonis, shy people often report that their anxiety is evoked by uncertain situations in which they are unsure about how to behave. In addition, one would look for the presence of a stranger during an anxiety-arousing task to hamper the performance of a shy person therefore, the presence or absence of a confederated during the slant of the speech was also varied (Pilkonis, 1977). Intheresearch, differences among shy subjects themselves were also explored. A shy individual has yielded two major types those persons who are privately shy and focus on internal events in describing their shyness, and those who are publicly shy and regard their behavioral deficiencies as more critical aspects of their shyness (Pilkonis, 1977).For research purposes, students enrolled in a psychology course at Stanford University participated in the experiment. Subjects were selected from paired extrema of the shyness continuum on the basis of responses to a short form of the Stanford Shyness Survey that had been administered during a class hour. The procedures for this study were confederates, opposite- energize interac tion, interaction with the experimenter, and development and manner of speaking of speech.One of the inferences of the research was that one of the major differences between shy and not shy people is the ability of the latter to initiate and build conversations. During the opposite-sex interaction, people who were not shy showed a shorter latency to their first utterance, spoke more frequently, and spoke for a larger percentage of the time. They allowed fewer silences to develop and were uncoerced to break a larger percentage of the silences which did occur. (Pilkonis, 1977). Shy objects reported themselves to be more nervous when delivering their speeches and also to be more nervous when doing their speeches. disrespect their greater anxiety, shy participants delivered speeches which were not judged to be poorer on any of the critical dimensions (Pilkonis, 1977). According to the experiment, shyness seemed to be less relevant in the structure of preparing and delivering the spe ech than unstructured interpersonal encounter.An experiment of self-reported shy and not shy persons revealed huge differences between the two groups in verbal behavior. Both situational factors and sex of participant influenced the expression of shyness. But also within the realms of the shy group, behavioral and affective differences between publicly and privately shy subjects emerged, providing further tell apart for the validity of this distinction.But when are shy people going to resort, where their thirst for human interaction reaches its climax? The answer is the internet. Social networking, and tons of other free means of online communication such as chat rooms, have given the opportunity to shy individuals to socialize without the limits of social inhibitions present in the real life. Research shows that shy people feel much less inhibited in social interaction online than they do offline, and consequently they are able to form a number of online relationships. Clark and Leung indicated that the higher the tendency of being addicted to the Internet, the shyer the person is. This correlation of internet addiction and social shyness is statistically correct, but the reliability of the inferences of the study regarding these distinctions is not very high. However, zilch can deny that the internet has hindered social inhibitions but instead of occlusion the gap of communication between shy and non-shy individuals, it has actually widened it through thespian personas of the internet scene.

Introduction To Microbial Genetics

Introduction To Microbial GeneticsIn this experiment, manipulation bacteria was learned and phe nonypes of bacteria in microbial genetics atomic number 18 investigated. For the pheno instances, E. coli and its mutants be delectationd. The second single-valued function was d i to observe place assays to see whether or not the -galactosidase was produced or not. The last part was to assay plaque forming units in E. coli mass median(a) infected with a sample of B. subtilus phage SPO1.Auxotrophic mutants require particularised nutrient or compound to take on and express its phenotypes (Madoka). Bacterial result involves lac operon. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the functionality of lac operon. There are collar genes of lac operon which needs for milk sugar metabolism lac Z, lac Y, and lac A. lac Z encodes -galactosidase enzyme, lac Y encodes -galactosidase permease and lac A encodes milk sugar transacetylase. (2)(1)This experiment introduces a few ways to exam la c phenotypes. One way is to use marginal milk sugar medium. In this medium, Lac- all(prenominal)ow for not grow whereas Lac+ go forth grow. secant way is to use MacConkey medium. MacConkey medium is a pH sensitive medium which would show red in the back breakeric medium. In this medium, twain Lac+ and Lac- forget grow on the plate but Lac+ would be the exclusively when one that would operate red. The reason is because the fermentation of milk sugar by Lac+ produces acidic metabolite that lowers pH of the media. Third way is to use X-gal plate where the persuader is also introduced on with bacteria. X-gal cleaves the -galactosidase enzyme then it is shown as blue. (1)(2)There are four ways to test lac phenotype we perform in this experiment. One is to use minimal lactose medium, and Lac- allow for not grow on the plate while Lac+ will. Second is to use MacConkey medium. some(prenominal) Lac+ and Lac- can grow on the plate but only Lac+ will be knap on the plate becau se the fermentation of lactose by Lac+ produces acidic metabolites which lower the pH of the media and the pH indicator turns the plate pink. Third is to use X-gal plate which has IPTG as an inducer in the plate. Both Lac+ and Lac- can grow on the plate but only Lac+ will be blue. The last method is to use ONPG which turns yellow with -galactosidase, and units of enzyme activities are calculated. (3)(1) visible and MethodsAll procedures are performed according to the BIOL 368 lab manual (Concordia Biology part 2013) except for the following modifications After adding ONPG, forgot to verify the colors.ResultsPart A. Growth of E.coliCultures of E. coli were big(p) in flask containing liquid medium and containing solid medium with agar. E. coli in the plate that contains liquid medium was yellowish. Those were circular in shape and flat. The surface was smooth and opaque. When the bacteria was introduced to liquid medium, bacterial lawn was observed. These were small and rough. Some were not opaque, more than like flat.Part B. Phenotypes of WT and mutant expandsI. Auxotrophic mutantsTo examine auxotrophic mutants, JF1754 was used. This aviation requires methionine, histidine and leucine. Therefore, we predicted that it will not grow on the media where all three amino acids are not contained. As predicted, JF1754 only grew on the medium with all three M, H and L amino acids. Grown JF175 was seen as white. This is because auxotrophic mutant requires all of the required nutrients to carry out the biosynthetic pathway. On the other hand, CAG12033 requires only a minimal media to grow which means in the minimal media, it is qualified to carry out the biosynthetic pathway.II. Antibiotic confrontationIn this part, turn EC5827 was used. Along with CAG12033, it was introduced to LB medium and LB medium containing streptomycin. As a result, EC5827 grew in both of the plates whereas CAG12033 did not grew in the plate with streptomycin. This is referable to the eve nt that the strain EC5827 is resistant to streptomycin whereas CAG12033 is not. CAG12033 does not aim the resistance, and therefore, it eventually did not grow on plate with streptomycin.III. The many colours of lacIn min+ lactoseStrain NK6042 growth was not observed. This is because the lac operon was deleted from the chromosome of strain NK6042 and therefore, it cannot metabolize the sugar which prevents it to grow. On the other hand the fantastic type grew eventually.MacConkey LactoseStrain NK6042 and barbarian type grew on the plate because this medium contains complex carbon source. The dead type is able to metabolize lactose and peptone and NK6042 can metabolize peptone only. However, they differed in color. NK6042 was white and the wild type was pink. This is because MacConkey medium contains pH indicator that turns pink under acidic condition. In addition, Lac+ acidifies the medium by fermenting lactose and by excreting the mixture of organic acids whereas Lac- does not. The result makes sense because wild type contains lac operon to produce Lac+ cells and NK6042 does not have lac operon.X-gal platesStrain NK6042 does not turn up as blue, it is just transparent whereas the wild type is totally blue. This is collectible to what X-gal does. X-gal cleaves the -galactosidase enzyme. Then, it turns blue. Therefore, it indicates whether or not the -galactosidase enzyme is produced. NK6042 is not able to produce -galactosidase since it has its lac operon removed. However, the wild type is becalm able to produce -galactosidase in the minimal medium, and as a result, its color turns into blue.Part C. -galactosidase assayThe objective of the lab was to practice handling bacteria and learn methods that investigate phenotypes of bacteria. Table 3 shows the anticipated bodily function and respective volume of culture and z-buffer. There are three strains involved, CAG12033, MH321 and ML 308. Each of the strains are examined with and without IPTG. IPTG is an inducer where it impounds the repressor that prevents the transcription. Then, repressor is no more able to repress. Therefore, inducer stimulates the transcription, and allows the production of -galactosidase. Low action is anticipate without IPTG and eminent activity is expected with IPTG. In addition, cAMP level is expected to be low in presence of glucose so the CAP protein would bind to the supporter minimally. ONPG is used for quantitative -galactosidase activity in the sense that it breaks it into o-nitrophenol and galactose. When it turns yellow, it comes from o-nitrophenol. Looking at table 2, MH321 always has no activity because, lac Z gene is mutated, so it cannot produce -galactosidase no matter what medium. IPTG only binds repressor and prevents it from repressing, so the inducer has no effect. On the other hand, ML 308 has a mutation in repressor. Most probably, it is ID and it works constitutively. Also, IPTG will not be able to bind this repressor, but this rep ressor does not prevent the transcription. Therefore, risque activity predicted in any cases.Table 5 shows that the prediction is eventually correct. We have highest jimmy for the low activity with CAG12033 without IPTG 20.38 min-1 ml-1 Au-1. This is considered as low activity compared to high activity set we have and any other low activity predicted values have lower values than this. However, we earned low activity for MH321 where we predicted none. This is due(p) to experimental error and this value is low enough to be considered as none. Therefore, our prediction for the low activity was precise. For the high activity, the highest value was found with the CAG12033 strain 1506.4 min-1 ml-1 Au-1. With ML308, we have 570.4 and 767.4 min-1 ml-1 Au-1. These values are much bigger than the ones we have as low activities. They are enough high to be considered as high activity.For MH321, we got low activity because of the following reasons mutation and contamination. One of the reas ons that the mutant strains still have detectable activity is that the silent mutation might be occurred. That is, the mutation of a base does not change the amino acid sequence. Also, MH321 is the strain that has a mutation in lac Z and there whitethorn be some that still has lac Z activity. The other reason is the contamination, which is the most(prenominal) common source of error. The container might not have been washed enough, or microorganisms in the air may penetrated in the solution containing MH321. Speaking of the expected range, we expected the activity range from 1000 to 3000. However, our values are little ML308 had 570.4 and 767.4 min-1 ml-1 Au-1.This is due to the fact that we did not have enough time for it to turn yellow, so, the values of the absorbance or optical density was lower than it is supposed to be.For part D, we have various mediums and various strains are used to predict which noncitizen is which strain. To figure out which is which, we made a table p redicting in which medium the strain will grow or not. Looking at foreign 2, it only grows on Min M. We have the alike with MH142 where it only grows with methionine plate. Also, both gives in MacConkey, white. Therefore, unknown 2 is supposed to be MH142. Because MH142 requires methionine to grow as an auxotrophic strain, it only grows in Min M. For unknown 3, the growth pattern matches MH807 and therefore, it should be MH807. With MacConkey plates, MH142 are lac- due to the white color presence of the plates. With the same principle, we count on that the unknown 5 is CAG8209 and 6 is CAG 18475. CAG8209 is tetracycline resistant and requires leucine and CAG 18475 has tetracycline resistance and requires methionine to grow. However, unknown 4 and 1 cannot be determined. They both have same growth pattern and also, both gives red color in MacConkey plate. They should be CAG12204 or D10. We need further test to identify which unknown is which strain. CAG12204 has kanamycin resistan ce whereas D10 does not. Thus, we can introduce this unknown to kanamycin+ minimal medium. If it grows, it is CAG12204 and if not, it should be D10. Finally, the result of unknown 7 strain matches none of the theoretically predicted result. It is due to the experimental error. We may have introduced some other unknown or solution in the medium that leaded to this error. Fortunately, it is the last unknown, and the last strain left is BW6165. So, it should be BW6165. BW6165 is only expected to grown in tetracycline and min R since it has tetracycline resistance and requires arginine to grow. However, it did not grow in our plate, therefore, if may have put something other than BW6165 by mistake much(prenominal) as CAG8209.In part E, SPO1 phage was introduced to E. coli and different concentration of B. subtilis cells. When B. subtilis was 10-folded and 100-folded, bacterial lawn was observed, so there were a lot of small and adjacent colonies. When it was dilute to 10-3 and 10-4, is olated colonies were found, 174 and 16 colonies respectively. We had 1.74*106 pfu titer. The section average was 1.75*106 and therefore, our value is very conterminous to the section average. They are almost identical, and we can say that we successfully reduce and obtained proper colonies. In addition, when there was no phage and when 10-folded E. coli was plated in apiece plate, there was not a single colony found. This is because E. coli does not have the specific receptors for infection to occur by SPO1 whereas B. Subtilis does.

The Features Of Institutional Bargaining Approach Politics Essay

The Features Of institutional Bar bringing Approach Politics EssayThe get of the concept of institutional mess approach stems from the work of Oran R. pettys criticism on the current rationalist and cognitivist approaches to define the regime formation. Schools of thought of the realist or neorealist highlights the humankind of the dominant actors or hegemons possessing structural powers is a necessary condition for planetaryististicist regime formation or maintenance.5In the other hand, the liberal-institutionalism stresses that a sound number of self-interested states would coordinate their behaviours to maximize absolute gains by devising reciproc solelyy beneficial institutional arrangements reducing transaction costs.6The cognitive theorist underlines that it is the economic consumption of cognitive factors that influence the regime formation.7Literature ReviewThe trade name of dialogs in modality neuter poses huge diplomatic and legal challenges to international community. The complexity of the climate smorgasbord negotiations especially its dependence on wisdom for governmental ends have produced dickens deposit of perspectives at the negotiations these ar the countries of the view that they would do something to the caper and other countries of the view that would not do something to the problem. Most importantly, climate deviate negotiations has a unique political dynamic. Power at these negotiations does not occur simply from the size of the economy, but it derives from the fact that how much the terra firma is emitting Greenhouse gases. The countries that pollute the milieu hold the most bigger dicker power. This paradigm poses a huge obstacle to reach a equilib rise outcome at the climate neuter negotiations. The book by William Marson (2011)8highlights the flaws of the climate change negotiations in Copenhagen, stating that group of elite polluters the United States, the European fraternity and China have chips to deal and so they rule the game. The other roadblock in ensuring a transp atomic number 18nt negotiation lies on the issue of a paradigm shift in the surroundingsal politics. The book by Pamela S. Chasek, David L. Brownie, Janet welch Brown (2010)9highlights that the paradigm shift in environmental politics has habituated rise to the participation of various actors in international environment negotiations and has gaunt the climate change issue from dominant socio economic paradigm to the rise of alternative paradigm, in some cases making the problem of climate change a security issue. A collection of articles on the concept of virtue10written by climate change negotiating experts of the BASIC11countries state the richness of having equitable access to atmospheric space and actions needed in extenuation and adaptation to come up with a long term orbicular goal.In addition, Steve Vanderheiden ( 2008)12aims at defering the negotiations of the climate change as revisiting norms such as fairness, integrity and atmospheric justice. fit in to Vanderheiden, it is imperative to address the climate change negotiations in a manner that promotes fairness based on the ideals of equity and national responsibility has practical and principle justification. Dieter Helm and Cameron Hepburn (2009)13highlights that despite the quickening of research and scientific explorations on climate change, the policy formation in climate change still disconnected with the findings of science and explains as to why this disconnect prevails. Dieter Helm, analysing the pros and cons of the existing international regimes on climate change highlights in like manner disparity amongst the shargon of responsibility in the mitigation efforts between the developing and developed countries and states that unless all the countries are shouldering the responsibility in scathe of mitigation, any future bargain in this regard entrust not be effective.With regard to the process of negotiat ion from Bali to Copenhagen, books by Abdrew E Dessler and Edward A. pastor ( 2006)14and a collection of articles in Political Theory and Global modality Change by John Barry (2008)15and Negotiation capacity and strategies of evolution countries by Pamela Chesak and LavanyaRajamani ( UNDP report on Global Public Goods 2003)16and a UNDP report on sustaining human progress in a changing climate (2012)17present the argument of the disadvantages faced by the developing countries in international environment negotiations as they are being underrepresented or unrepresented at the break decision making moments. horizontal more so, an in depth analysis by Pamela S. Chasek in her book18on 30 years long negotiations on the Earth highlights the realpolitik of the environment negotiation and the footings as to why an parallelism is not feasible in the near future.In addition, on the academician literatures, the theoretical framework presented by Young highlights most of the issue as he has been carrying out lot of research and studies on the governance of essential resources and regime formation on same and too through his disturbance of the institutional dicker approach. In his book in 198919, he has do an effort to explain the possibility of applying the international regimes and international institutions to address the problem of international coorperation on natural resources and environment. Also, another book by Young in 199420is re- attempts the basic issues focusing the distinction between governance systems and governments. asunder from regime formation it deals with the flaws of the international governance system and also it reaffirms the result of the concept of institutional bargaining as a method to hit international regimes. In his books, Young (200221and 201022), says that the climate change regime which us been dod and in the process of being created does not account the temperament of the problem, frankincense there is a mismatch betwe en the character of the regimes created to address the nature of the problem.Thus so far, the materials that have been referring to however, does not approach the process of negotiation through the lens of the developing countries which are not major emitters. For example, those countries which did not allow the Copenhagen Accord to be adopted at the Copenhagen climate conference, are not the major emitters nor they were financially powerful. They were belonging to an economic block in the Latin American continent and to the Small Island Developing States. Most of them were unworthy countries with least economic and political standing in the world affairs. so how did Copenhagen go wrong and what was the reason for hundreds of other nations to rally around this small group of countries with weak or no economic power? According to the institutional bargain theory, it could be because of the power of transnational alliances as headspring as the breaking of the consensus rule. Throu gh the theoretical analysis, this paper will examine the reasons for a small group of countries to win the climate battle without allowing it to cavort the years long negotiations to fail. It also aims at examining the different play and strategies by major emitters in foothold promising much and committing little and thereby utilizing the process of negotiation to produce yet again an international capital of New Hampshire which has taken into account the concerns of the most vulnerable and badly affected by the problem.Features of Institutional Bargaining ApproachCritics of realism, neorealism and neoliberalism often states that these theories base their assumption on the same flaws and dynamics thus does not pay much perplexity to the process of negotiation. As stated earlier, most of the time, these theories explain why states befriend rather than how they are cooperating and as to how the regimes are being formed. The approach of institutional bargaining display the dynam ics and flaws of how states cooperate based on their interests which derive from their domestic realities. The main assumption of this approach is analysing the regimes through interests. Main features of the institutional bargain approach are highlighted as followsConsensus Rule and Multiple actors in that respect are several actors in international institutions. Be it states parties which could be as low as 15 and there are international regimes which has clxxx States parties and hundreds of observers from international organizations and civil ships company etc. In addition, the institutional bargain model base the assumptions on the consensus rule. It is normal for some parties to resist, reject an international negotiations, but it does not mean that the others who would want an outcome not to found their full effort in reaching an agreement, which all parties would be approving. Even though it may be problematic to reach politically an hale agreement, it is the basis for a ny agreement to come to life in the international system. Therefore unanimously is essential when States bargain in designing international regimes23.Mixed Motive BargainingAccording to Young, there are two types of bargaining. One is termed as suffusive, is when negotiators will know in advance what they would gain out of a negotiation. This cultivation reaches them through the strategic behaviour and the tactics that they would use in committing to certain issues and places of others. One of the main points in the distributive bargaining is that the negotiators would lose in one while they gain from the other. The plunk for type of bargaining is collective bargaining where the negotiators bargain in the absence of fixed contract or negotiation set.24Due to the lack of information on strategies, the negotiators will try to explore the possible agreements for the mutual benefits. climate change negotiations and its framing into a model of distributive or integrative lies on t he degree of approach of the negotiators to bargain with each other. This can be done exclusively through the level proof through science on the scale of the global warming and thereby to rest deflexion the uncertainties on the issue itself.The overwhelm of disbeliefThe term veil of uncertainty is the explanation of dearth of information, knowledge about the issue, or the lack of potency in making decisions or expressing the preferences. According to Young, the veil of uncertainty fork up rise for the parties to agree with each other.25Most of the time, the negotiating parties in the institutional bargaining process perform under a veil of uncertainty on the future positions and interests. No Party would know what would be their future positions when negotiations are taking place. Therefore, when the Party has to choose among many rules, it is much more difficult for a person to determine which of the several choice options confronted will, indeed, maximize whatsoever set of v alues that person desired to maximize26. One of the reason for this behaviour is that the negotiator may be suffering from the notion of liberation of interest identity. This becomes all the more prominent in climate change negotiations as the negotiators are depending on scientific evidence, which some States do not accept as a negotiation information, therefore, individual negotiators who faces different set of choices can become uncertain about the impact of the alternate position that it can take. In addition, this level of uncertainty makes the negotiator to agree with the arrangements or the choice that can be perceived as the faire one which is by and large acceptable to the majority.Problems and ApproachesIn a negotiation, the negotiators are focusing on the key issues and try to reconcile their differences on these issues rather than trying to reach an agreement on the exact areas of the regime. In this context, the negotiating text is produces to serve as a guiding tool for the negotiators and to reconcile their differences in the process. For example, as Chasek highlights one of the major characteristics of Climate Change negotiations is producing a draft text either by the chair of the working group or the hear President27. For example, after(prenominal)(prenominal) the Bali Road Map was adopted the Ad-Hoc Working Group on Longterm concerted Action ( AWG-LCA) was initiated and at each stag the Chair of the LCA was requested by the negotiators to produce a text highlighting the key issues of divergence and convergence. This runway of action was repeated till the Copenhagen and at the Copenhagen there were texts produce by the Chairs of Working Groups each day. This course of action was aiming at narrowing have the differences and to leave the key issues of divergence for the political leadership to deliver.Transnational AlliancesStates are of various interests and political identities. The grouping in the international negotiations, especia lly at the United Nations have been made on the basis of geographical regions. Therefore, states with diverse interests and identities have been composed into these groups28. It is then natural that conflict of interest produce and they tend to be inter regional or/and intra- regional. Thus the States, in a negotiation process tend to align themselves or create alliances among the similar states with similar interests, these transnational alliances are highly influential in regime creating. They hold the negotiation positions or let lose them as and when they deem fit and as and when they cater their interests. For example, the Alliance of Small Island Developing States ( AOSIS)29and the ALBA30( Alliances of Bolivarian Republic)group of countries as well as the LDCs ( Least Developed Countries) play a critical piece in climate change negotiations. Their critical role was one of the key elements in shaping the negotiations as well as reaching agreements from Bali to Copenhagen31.Sh ifting InvolvementsAccording to Young, the institutional bargaining model all the time linked with gamut of issues and events happening in the socioeconomic and political environment32. These unfolding political and socioeconomic events pose different degrees of obstacles for the regime creation, and also complicating the negotiations and sometimes some parties as they struggle with domestic matters, they simply dis work on the current issues. This situation can lead to reach an agreement through package deals such as that of practised in Copenhagen through the Copenhagen Accord. Or in some cases, the parties may borrow the assistance from the civil society and the nongovernmental organization community to facilitate them in regime creation. For example after the failure in Copenhagen, the package deal reached in Cancun at the COP 16 was generously assisted by the civil society and the NGO community at the time it was being approved by the COP plenary despite the objection by the S tate of Bolivia.Factors to account the success of Institutional Bargaining Approach in Climate Change NegotiationsInstitutional bargaining is simply is bargaining to create an institution and this approach focuses on the process of regime setting as a priority. Young expect major two flaws in rationalist approach of bargaining33. On one hand the rationalists approach according to Young is overly optimisitic as it regards that actors are rationally cooperate. On the other hand, the rationalists fails to consider major obstacles that disturbs the process of reaching an agreement. Severe obstacles such as problems arising strategic behaviour, intra-party behaviour, lack of put among the parties are not considered in the rationalist approach. In sum, the model of institutional bargaining has two folds, these are descriptive and analytical. Under the descriptive folder, it seeks to define essential circumstances under which collective efforts to form regimes regularly takes place. An alytically, it lays knock off several factors that are critically useful for the success of those efforts34. These are as followsContractual Environment blurring the zone of agreement and veiling the future dissemination benefitsInstitutional bargaining can succeed only when the issues at jeopardize lend themselves to treatment in a contractarian mode.35 Under a veil of uncertainty, negotiators of a process aim at reaching agreement on the terms of a social contract in order to solve the collective-action problems. Also, in a consensus-ruled situation, it is important that the parties avoid positional deadlocks in this contractarian environment. Thus, collective-action problems which will be solved through devising institutional arrangements vary in the degree to which they lend themselves to treatment in contractarian terms.36exogenic shock of crisisExogenous shocks or crises increase the probability of success in efforts to negotiate the terms of governance systems37. For examp le, in the case of Chernobyl, led the process of negotiation for a legal outcome in the nuclear treaty. In the case of the depletion of Ozone point also influenced enormously the negotiations in the Montreal Protocol. In the case of climate change negotiations, the hot summer in the USA and Canada, influence the two countries to make arrangements for the Toronto Conference. However, Young informs that creeping crisis of global warming has not thus so far had an effect just as the Chernobyl crisis or Ozone hole on the negotiation process38.Availability of equitable solutionYoung asserts that the approachability of arrangements that all participants can accept as equitable is necessary for institutional bargaining to succeed39. Without emphasising the achievement of allocative efficiency by utilitarian models, constitute attention should be paid to equity as negotiating environment features a consensus rule. In this context, the institutional bargaining can yield success only when all the major parties and interest groups agree that their concerns have been treated fairly. For example, the brilliance of historical greenhouse gas emissions and the act

Looking At The Behavioral Methods Of Social Work Social Work Essay

Looking At The behavioral Methods Of mixer incline fond usage EssayThe aim of this concession is to turn divulge how a Social escapeer would apply a behavioral Method as an understanding and encumbrance on the case teach supplied. I will do this by explaining what behavioral Social Work is, how it is used in practice, how it meets the needs of the religious serve well user and identify in-person ch twoenges along the way. I will try to challenge my own views and ideals on the service user, and how these clear be challenged for Anti-Oppressive Practice.Most of what makes us truly human, approximately of what makes us individuals rather than clones, most of what gives us a discernible in the flesh(predicate)ity made up of characteristic patterns of doings, emotion and cognition is the payoff of scholarship (Sheldon and McDonald, 2008). The behavioural Perspective focuses on the individual and the relationship between stimuli in an environment and how it determ ines conduct through encyclopaedism (Westen, 2001). This is alike how Behavioural Social Work is executed, by focusing on deportment that is observable and diversifyable. corresponding other act upons of cordial rick modes it has been adopted from other disciplines, and in crabbed Psychology, but has been adapted to achieve measured conclusions and effective practice for Social Work (Watson and West, 2006). on that smear are quartette main Theories that are applicable and used in Behavioural Social WorkThe first behavioral theory is Respondent learn, first introduced by Ivan Pavlov, who used experiments on dogs to divulge how to condition a response afterward the presence of a authentic stimuli has been removed.The second major behavioral theorist is B.F Skinner and his Operant Conditioning, he observed that the conduct of organisms can be controlled by environmental consequences that each increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish) the likelihood of the deportme nt occurring (Westen, 2001). He claimed that the outcome of behaviour was voluntary and goal directed, and always controlled by the consequences the behaviour would fleet to.The next behavioural theory identified is Social Learning guess, which ext polish offs behavioural ideas and claims that most learning is gained by copying others around them, rather than them world reinforced as skinner claimed. That behaviour is shaped by spy others and interpreting it (Payne, 1997).The fourth behavioural theory is cognitive Learning Theory and was introduced by Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck in the 1960s, this is a theory that focuses on the way hatful perceive, mould and retrieve information (Westen, 2001). A perception of the environment from precedent experience.It was during the 1980s that Social Work adopted behavioural theory as a system of calculateing with service users, part of the reason for this was the expertness of the theory to achieve realistic outcomes (Watson and West, 2006). The learning theory used in affable go bad is a combination between all four theories listed above Respondent Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, The Social Learning Theory and Cognitive Learning. These are used to enable the social thespian to observe behaviour and at that placefore intervene appropriately (Watson and West, 2006). The importance of behavioural social work is that the behaviour is learned and can therefore be unlearned. Cognitive learning theory focuses on this specifically and its engagement with cognitive processes which produce thoughts and feelings (Sheldon, 1995). Behavioural social work allows the service user to modify and remove their behaviour through a process of reinforcement, both positive and negative, to produce a likeliness of a cute behaviour occurring (Watson and West, 2006).There experience been criticisms of this form of social work as it involves deciding what typical behaviour is. This whitethorn lead to discriminatory and oppres sive practice, as a perception of normal behaviour can come from a range of sources, such as, personal and professional set (Trevithick, 2000). A nonher criticism is that the social worker may be seen as having significant power in deciding a future for the service user, which may in turn lead to hike up problems. To overcome these criticisms for an affective and constructive service for users, social workers have to be aware of empowering skills to second the service user financial aid themselves. Informed try for and dynamic participation is also a significant part of behavioural social work (Watson and West, 2006).How is Behavioural Social Work Used in Practice?Some of the reasons a behavioural method was chosen for intervention is because it mainly targets problem solving, and anger management, which are some of the problems faced by the family in the case study.The first map of Behavioural Social Work is the process of Assessment. This will begin by identifying the ser vice users problem(s) (Howe, 1998). It not but identifies the problem behaviour, but how it manifested to begin with, and what can be done to falsify it.The first stage of assessment and intervention is to establish the behaviour to work with (Watson and West, 2006). Within the case study, the problem is the behaviour of Jake who is increasingly violent and strong-growing towards his parents and siblings. To establish the intensity and occurrence of his aggression it should be recorded and compose down. This will provide clarity and understanding of the nature of the violence, which person(s) are endue when he does it and what are the consequences of his behaviour (Watson and West, 2006) The problem behaviour has to be describe in terms that are observable and measureable (Howe, 1998). To ensure an accurate accompaniment of behaviour, partnership should be used with the parents and social worker for empowerment (Watson and West, 2006). A contact either written or verbal can b e useful in establishing aims and goals for sessions, and an overall aim for behaviour (Howe, 1998).Operant condition is one of the main theories used in Behavioural Social Work this is invest into practice by the ABC Assessment, which uses the identification of Antecedents, Behaviour and Consequences to help shape wanted behaviour (Hudson and Macdonald, 1998 cited in Watson and West, 2006). The Antecedent what precedes the behaviour, The Behaviour in this case aggression and violence, and the Consequence What happens immediately after the violence i.e Is the behaviour being reinforced? Once all the assessment has been carried out and all the information gathered, the social worker and the service user (parents) must work together to plan a method of intervention which promotes a wanted behaviour, this will be a baseline for intervention (Watson and West, 2006)The next stage in the process of behavioural intervention is the implementation of the plan to change the unwanted behav iour. For this method to be effective it needs partnership of both parents and the social worker to establish roles, tasks and responsibilities (Howe, 1998). The main task for all snarly is to develop appropriate strategies to implement within a certain clipping frame (Watson and West, 2006), which will enable the social worker to evaluate the process and respond by either changing the strategies or the method implemented. In the case study john behaviour deteriorated after the new shaver was born, so the strategies that could be implemented would involve activities and more contact with his mother, and the dwell of the family. Consequences of his bad behaviour should be consistent and happen immediately after an event (Watson and West, 2006). The main aim of Behavioural Intervention and Operant Conditioning is to focus on positive reinforcement rather than punishment, this is to positively change behaviour and motivate Jake to complete goals (Watson and West, 2006).How Does B ehavioural Intervention Meet the require of the Service User?Behavioural Social Work is effective in meeting the needs of the service user as it is specific, simple and structured. It full treatment in partnership with the parents and gives them an understanding into why their son behaves the way he does, and that bathroom behaviour is the problem and not Jake. Behavioural intervention is also cost effective and doesnt rely on financial help, therefore can be used immediately to help and support Jakes parents, as well as Jakes behaviour. One of the reasons why this method is widely used is because it is time limited this allows the social worker to assess if the method is effective and if it is not it can be easily altered or changed.This method is specifically relevant to the case study as Jakes behaviour is the problem, which has been learned through time. A positive to this is that it can be unlearned with the help of his parents. To avoid oppressive practice this has to be a method that includes Jake, both his parents and the Social Worker. This will ensure empowerment to Jakes parents a less likelihood of powerlessness over Jakes behaviour and a more effective outcome.Some of the negatives of this method if intervention is that it does not tackle the underlying problems to Jakes violence, but by using skills, values and knowledge the social worker can talk and support Jake to chance on other underlying issues.Challenges working with this service userSome of the challenges I would face being a social worker for this case is share Linda and Michael become more involved in changing Jakes behaviour. There is a new baby in the home and one other sibling besides Jake, and getting time to respond to Jakes behaviour may be difficult. There is also no other social support outside the home and Linda is very accented and at the end of her tether with Jake, so getting time to spend with Jake alone may also be complicated. Another problem is that Michael is alr eady threatening approximately having Jake removed from the home as his behaviour is so bad, so Michaels intentness to assess and implement a behavioural intervention may be limited. To resolve these challenges I would have to use skills such as empathy and active listening, as well as appropriate questioning to gain a full awareness of the situation. The next step would be to involve both parents in trying to understand that Jakes behaviour is a result of learning and can therefore be unlearned in time, to show both parents that I am there to help and support both them and Jake for the sake of the family.Some personal challenges I would face as the social worker is trying to understand what it must be like to have three children under the age of ten, and being at a crisis point with one of them. To be so stressed that your husband is threatening to put one of your children into care because of his behaviour towards the rest of the family. I cant help but feel how could anyone, th rough choice, want to put their child into care. gouge things get that terrible that some parents cannot see any way out rather than this? I couldnt help but think that Michael is saying this because he is Jakes step father and not biological father, but then, I do not have children and therefore have never had a child with behavioural difficulties. But I do understand what stress can do to a person, and how it can seem like there is no way out. I must challenge these stereotypical views on Michael and realise he has raised Jake from six years old, and probably knows a lot more about Jakes behaviour and the family dynamic than I do, as a Social Worker.ConclusionA behavioural method for Social Work was chosen for this case study. It enables the social worker and the service user to work in partnership which is fundamental for a behavioural method to succeed. It includes a step by step process with defined roles and responsibilities to alter behaviour. Operant Conditioning is mainly used as its fierceness is reinforcing positive behaviour, but with punishment which should be consistent and applied immediately. Behavioural Intervention provides the Social Worker with a method which can be implemented swiftly, but can also be evaluated after time for its effectiveness. This provides the social worker with the knowledge to alter a method or implement and new one. Values such as anti-oppressive practice and empowerment are vital to implement this method as they provide the service user with choice, roles and responsibilities. By challenging stereotypical views, a social worker can make informed decisions and support the service user effectively. over all a behavioural intervention is used to alter behaviour, as it is the behaviour that is the problem, not the person.

Why Dont Girls Choose Science :: essays papers

Why Dont Girls Choose learningIssues Essay Why Dont Girls Choose Science? In South Australia in 1983 less than one-third of students studying physics at matric level were girls (Robottom, 1986). Sixteen years later, in 1999, girls still completely made up 35% of students studying physics at the matriculation level (SSABSA, 1999). Despite all the advances for women in modern society it seems that at that place is still an issue of matter to in that of girls participation and achievement in attainment. Adamson, Foster, Roark & Reed (1998) suggests that the gender gap in science appears to widen with using so much so that there is concern that women are cosmos underrepresented in some science fields. It is suggested that due to the role science and engineering science plays in all of our lives today it is non only a concern that women are limiting their life history options, but also that they are not getting the opportunity to take part in the planning and decision-mak ing processes that transcend in areas which affect all citizens (Johnston, 1984). Indeed, Andre, Whigham, Hendrickson & Chambers (1999), assimilate found that collateral shoal girls have lower persistence and enrolment in the bodily science pipeline, which of course leads to women having lower participation in physical science careers.Recently OBrien, Martinez-Pons & Kopala (1999) reported that gender could directly predict students career interests in the science and engineering fields, leaving no question as to whether gender was an issue when choosing science subject. It is thought that the critical moment for girls arises when they have a choice as to whether to do science or not (Robottom, 1986) and it is at this point the gender differences really become noticeable. Studies have revealed that girls were choosing to do language, arts or biology, whereas boys were choosing to do physical science courses (Farenga & Joyce, 1999) and it seems that there is no biological basis that can account for this low achievement and agency of girls in physical science (Johnston, 1984).This viewed in the light of the fact that it has been shown that the school plays a major role in the performance and attitudes of girls to science (Johnston, 1984) must(prenominal) prompt all teachers to examine what they may be doing to contribute to this hassle and what they may be able to do to encourage girls to become knotty in science, particularly the physical sciences.

The Paradox of Discovery in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay -- Frank

The Paradox of Discovery in Frankenstein In bloody shame Shelleys Frankenstein, the belief of breakthrough is paradoxical initial breakthrough is joyful and innocent, just now ends in misery and decadence. The ambitions of both Walton and Frankenstein (to explore new lands and to cast scientific light on the unknown, respectively) are formed with the noblest of intentions but a pitch-dark disregard for the sanctity of natural boundaries. Though the idea of discovery body idealized, human fallibility utterly corrupts all pursuit of that ideal. The corruption of discovery parallels the corruption inherent in every human life, in that a barbarian begins as a pure and faultless creature, full of wonder, but hardens into a self-absorbed, grasping, overly ambitious adult. Only by novels end does Walton recognize that he must abandon his own ambition (the mapping of previously unknown land), out of concern for the precious lives of his crew. The first two occurrences of the wor d discovery occur quite early in the novel, in Waltons first earn to his sister. He compares his feelings on the expedition to a childs joy (14). Walton reminds her of his uncles large subroutine library of discovery literature (tales of seamen and adventurers), all of which he devoured as a child. He writes of his disappointment when his father forbade him, on his deathbed, to embark in a glide life (14). Walton later tells Frankenstein that his crew is on a voyage of discovery it only at the mention of this word that Frankenstein agrees to board the ship (24). erst on board, Frankenstein recounts his history. Frankenstein, too, was possessed by a youthful fixation the confide to acquire scientific knowledge, and to create an indestructible... ...ich may be described as a desperate addiction to discovery is a fine concept but a dangerous practice. Mans natural flaws debase any professed altruistic goal all attempts at discovery are ultimately revealed to be corrupt, selfish , and misbegotten. Works Cited and Consulted Brooks, Peter. Godlike Science/ Unhallowed Arts Language, Nature,and Monstrosity. The Endurance of Frankenstein. Ed. George Levine. Berkeley University of California Press, 1979. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. Ed. Candace Ward. impudently York, Dover, 1994. Spark, Muriel. Mary Shelley. raw(a) York E.P. Dutton, 1987. Stevenson, Leslie. The Study of Human Nature A Reader. New York Oxford University Press, 2000. Walling, William A. Mary Shelley. New York Twayne, 1972. Wolff, Robert P. About Philosophy. Upper Saddle River, NJ assimilator Hall, 1998.

Ignorance Towards The Black Community in Canada :: essays research papers

Ignorance Towards The Black Community in Canada Canada has been respected for its equality and smorgasbord between its races. People refer to it as being the intimately multicultural diverse countries in the world. Most people think that Canada has no racism like the U.S.A. , however that is not the case at in both we dumbfound been kn nonplus got to of have racism since the French explorers . We were very defective for racism towards the ghastlys in the 20th century when our landed estate began going through and through a very rough time. Canadians need to respect the fact that we did have racism and we are no different from any other rude during that time. This country has had racism for a long time .The first put d consume instance of against the colours came when they were taking as slaves by the French explorers. The black participation was very discriminated against in the 20th century. These people were hated for no terra firma besides the colour of their s kin and there way of life, However to stilt with this they decided the best thing to do was segregate themselves from the white lodge and live amongst themselves at one end of the city. Due to the strength of the black confederacy they succeeded and continued living a good life, Even though they still confront many hardships in every solar day life. The blacks set about many hardships and obstacles ranging from the children to the adults. A major area where racism was noticed was in the educational dust, as well as in the judicial administration were many blacks were persecuted for crimes they didnt commit due to skin colour. African Americans were refused to be in in allowed to learn in schools and get the same benefits as white children. The blacks were withal banned from churches, bars, and other institutions in Canada. The way they volumet with this was they built there own schools and opened there own bars as well. They did run into a problem with this though not m any black people were measure up to teach in the schools, overly they got the worst teaching supplies like books, and all around tools needed to make it easier on the students and teachers. The government did nothing to befriend the blacks achieve a half decent lifestyle. Martin Luther King Jr said I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their typeface and the white people made this as difficult as mathematical for the black company in Canada .Ignorance Towards The Black Community in Canada essays research papersIgnorance Towards The Black Community in Canada Canada has been respected for its equality and assortment between its races. People refer to it as being the most multicultural diverse countries in the world. Most people think that Canada has no racism like the U.S.A. , however that is not the case at all we have been known to of have racism since the Fr ench explorers . We were very questioning for racism towards the blacks in the 20th century when our country began going through a very rough time. Canadians need to respect the fact that we did have racism and we are no different from any other country during that time. This country has had racism for a long time .The first record instance of against the blacks came when they were taking as slaves by the French explorers. The black community was very discriminated against in the 20th century. These people were hated for no rationality besides the colour of their skin and there way of life, However to deal with this they decided the best thing to do was segregate themselves from the white community and live amongst themselves at one end of the city. Due to the strength of the black community they succeeded and continued living a good life, Even though they still faced many hardships in every day life. The blacks faced many hardships and obstacles ranging from the children to t he adults. A major area where racism was noticed was in the educational system, as well as in the judicial system were many blacks were persecuted for crimes they didnt commit due to skin colour. African Americans were refused to be allowed to learn in schools and get the same benefits as white children. The blacks were also banned from churches, bars, and other institutions in Canada. The way they dealt with this was they built there own schools and opened there own bars as well. They did run into a problem with this though not many black people were drug-addicted to teach in the schools, also they got the worst teaching supplies like books, and all around tools needed to make it easier on the students and teachers. The government did nothing to patron the blacks achieve a half decent lifestyle. Martin Luther King Jr said I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their casef ul and the white people made this as difficult as achievable for the black community in Canada .